Operation 2: Peacock

Question 1

Define both quantitive and qualitative data

Answer 1

Quantitive- can be written down or measured with numbers e.g 12 minute cooper run
Qualitative - subjective, looks at feelings, emotions and opinions. E.g Borg scale method of rating perceived exertion - performers intensity level

Question 2

Define and compare objective and subjective data

Answer 2

Objective - involves facts and is measurable, bleep test measures stamina
Subjective data - data based upon personal opinions, assumptions, interpretation e.g sub maximal test of Harvard step test

Question 3

Define and discuss validity and reliability

Answer 3

Validity -when the test actually measures what it sets out to do, is the research method relevant, is the test sports specific
Reliability -means the test can be repeated accurately, consistent and same outcome - tester should be experienced,equipment should be standardised, sequencing of test is important

Question 4

What is proprioceptive training

Answer 4

Proprioception is subconscious process using a system of receptor nerves located in the muscle joints and tendons. Smooth co ordinated movements, brain needs accurate knowledge of arm and leg position
Uses hopping, jumping and balance exercise to restore lost proprioception

Question 5

What are some example of strength training

Answer 5

Free weights- dumb bells, kettlebells, muscles have to stabilises the weight
Machine weights - machine has lots of control, early stages of an injury
Body - involves core exercise, body is resistance, helps balance posture
Therabands - latex and different strengths

Question 6

Explain hyperbaric chambers

Answer 6

Chamber pressurised and 100% oxygen , more oxygen can be inspired, excess oxygen dissolve into the blood plasma, reduce swelling and both stimulate WBC activity

Question 7

Define, explain and give examples of cryotherapy in both injury rehab and exercise

Answer 7

Cryotherapy - use of cooling to treat injuries, RICE, limit pain and swelling and decreasing blood flow
Ice bath - vasoconstriction, drains blood out of legs , new blood that invigorates the muscle with oxygen to help the cells function better

Question 8

Discuss injury prevention methods

Answer 8

Screening - identify those at risk of complications from exercise, enhance performance, reduce injury, muscoskeletal ,ROJM,muscle imbalances
ECG- used to assess and monitor a performers heart
Protective equipment
Warm up
Flexibility,active -stretched position is held by the contraction of an agonist muscle, passive - uses an external force to help stretched position,static - muscle held in a stationary position 10, ballistic - swinging and bouncing movement
Taping and bracing - taping weak joint support and stability, bracing often involving hinged supports

Question 9

Outline some recovery methods - compression garments,massage, foam rollers and sleep and nutrition

Answer 9

Compression garments - improve blood circulation, prevent medial problems - DVT, blood lactate removal, reduce symptoms of DOMS
Massage - prevent and relive soft tissue injuries,
Foam rollers - release tension between muscles and fascia
Sleep - non REM deep sleep, blood flow is directed away
Nutrition - replenishment of glycogen stores

Question 10

Outline fluid mechanics and dynamic fluid force

Answer 10

Fluid mechanics is the study of an object or the human body that travels through any liquid or gas, swimmer through water
Dynamic -study of how forces affect them, drag and lift
Drag - slows something down, surface drag - friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment ‘skin drag’ special clothing to reduce
Form drag - impact of the fluid environment on an object, shape drag, relates to streamlining

Question 11

What factors reduce and increase drag

Answer 11

Velocity of moving body - greater the velocity through a fluid, greater the drag force
Cross sectional area of the moving body - large CSA increases drag
Shape and surface characteristics of a moving body - more streamlined, aerodynamic shape reduces drag . Cyclist with ridges and aerodynamic Helmet with air ducts

Question 12

Define Bernoulli’s principle

Answer 12

Where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel and more pressure when they travel

Question 13

Apply Bernoulli’s principle to a discs being thrown

Answer 13

Discuss (projectile) act as an aerofoil object , angle of attack is important
Top of discuss travel a longer distance than air underneath, faster velocity , lower pressure
Air above discus travels faster velocity, creates low pressure, upward lift force
created,stays longer
Optimum angle 25 and 40

Question 14

Apply Bernoulli’s principle to describe downward lift force

Answer 14

Required In speed skiers, cyclist and racing cars
Needs to be pushed down so greater frictional force created
F1, spoiler is angled so lift force act in downward action, air above shorter distance - higher pressure and slower velocity

Question 15

Define projectile motion and horizontal displacement

Answer 15

Movement of either an object or the human body as they travel through the air
HD- shortest distance from starting to finish point in a line parallel to the ground

Question 16

What are the factors affecting horizontal displacement

Answer 16

Angle of release - dependent upon release and landing height ,when both release and landing heigh are equal - optimum: 45* , release heigh below landing heigh, greater than 45
Speed of release - greater release velocity of projectile, greater horizontal displacement travelled
Height of release - Greater release height, increase in horizontal displacement

Question 17

Define and explain factors afferent flight paths of different projectiles

Answer 17

Weight and air resistance affect projectiles while they are in the air
Parabola - curve with matching left and right hand sides

Question 18

What are horizontal and vertical component

Answer 18

Horizontal motion of an object

Upward motion of an object

Question 19

Explain how training can adjust the recruitment of different fibre types

Answer 19

Low intensity endurance training will result in recruitment of different slow twitch muscle fibres
High intensity training e.g sprinting will recruit more type 2x fibres
High intensity training will increase the rate of fibre recruitment
Muscles gets stronger, fewer fibres see required to produce the force needed

Question 20

Define 4 over use injuries

Answer 20

Strain - muscle tear
Tennis elbow - inflammation of the tendons
Stress fracture - fracture of the bone caused by repeated stress
Shin splints - ache or pain across chin bone from repeated stress of bones, muscles, joints

Question 21

Summaries the advantages and disadvantages of cryotherapy for injury rehab

Answer 21

Adv- pain relief, reduced inflammation, muscle healing

Disadvantages- accessibility to resources, cost, skim damage, discomfort

Question 22

Assess the factors affecting the movement of swimmer through water

Answer 22

Technique
Fluid friction
Level of fitness
Gravitational pull v buoyancy

Question 23

Explain attitude and the Triadic model

Answer 23

Attitude - value aimed at an attitude object
Triadic model - three parts of an attitude: cognitive,affective and behavioural
C- belief
A- relates to feelings and interpretation
B- actions of the performer

Question 24

Explain learned helplessness and and strategies to avoid it

Answer 24

LH- using internal stable reasons for losing such as ability
Avoid - attribution retraining: changing the reasons for failure, provide motivation via reinforcement, achievable goals, stress any personal improvements made during the game

Question 25

Explain self efficacy and Banduras model

Answer 25

SE- belief in the ability to master specific sporting situation
Bandura: self efficacy is influenced by 4 factors. Performance accomplishments: what you have achieved already, Vicarious experience- seeing others do the task, verbal persuasion - encouragement from others, Emotional arousal - perception of the effects of anxiety

Question 26

Outline the theories of leadership

Answer 26

Leader - someone who has influence in helping others achieve their goals
Fielders contingency model -takes in account the situation , everything good: favourable, everything bad: least favourable
Chelladurais model of leadership - interactive approach to balance aspects of the situation, leader and group
Situation - type of task, time available, difficult or complex-more time,
Group - size, gender, age, experience
Leadership - works best, characteristics, experience

Question 27

Outline all the key terms of ethics in sports

Answer 27

Amateurism - participation in sport for the love of it, no financial gain, based on concept of athleticism - fanatical devotion to sport involving high levels of physical endeavour and moral integrity
Sportsmanship - conforming to the rules,spirit and etiquette of a sport
Gamesmanship - bending the rules and stretching them without getting caught
Positive deviance - behaviour outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break rules e.g over training
Negative deviance - behaviour that goes against the norms and has negative effect on individuals and society e.g taking PED

Question 28

Outline the use of sport legislation in relation: officials, coaches, spectators

Answer 28

Officials have duty of care - legal obligation imposed on someone if responsible for a group of people. Negligence - fail to take reasonable care, referee found liable
Coaches - legal obligation to eliminate all potential dangers and risks - safe environment, - medial, allergy , DBS clearance, protection from abuse , IN LOCO PARENTIS
Spectators - control alcohol sales, increased security and political presence, Football Offences Act 1991, Safety of Sports Ground Act 1975

Question 29

Define sport and physical education

Answer 29

Physical education - fun, enjoyable, matter of choice, self officiated and regulated
Sport - highly structured and has set rules, specialist equipment, serious and competitive, high levels of commitment , strategies

Question 30

What are hew advantages and disadvantages of media coverage

Answer 30

Adv. increases profile of sport and individual performers within the sport, increased participation levels within a sport, media friendly developed sports e.g T20,increases commercial opportunities and standards
Dis - NGB may lose control, media control the location, events as well as KO, inequalities of coverage, increased control, media can over dramatise certain negative events in sport, more breaks- unconvient

Question 31

What are the advantages and disadvantages of commercialisation

Answer 31

Adv- increased extrinsic rewards, increased availability of professional contracts, helps maintain displine and behave appropriately, increased funding to pay for high quality TF
Dis- increased pressure to win, win at all cost attitude, increase in ‘deviant’ behaviour , performers treated as commodities, inequality in funding

Question 32

What are the positive and negative effects of sponsorship

Answer 32

Positive - increased funding to a sport, provide improved facilities, coaching and talent ID programmes, increased spectator interest, increased number of events
Negative - over reliant on funding and income, loses control, traditionalist might be against new competitions, commercial consideration may be influenced

Question 33

Define sprain,strain, fracture and dislocation

Answer 33

Sprain - damage to the ligaments around a joint caused by over-stretching the ligaments further than ROM
Strain - damage to the tendons caused by over-stretching the muscle fibres
Fractures - cracks or breaks in bone material either due to acute, sudden high impact collisions
Dislocation - misalignment or total removal of a nine from its socket as a result of sudden, high impact collisions