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IGCSEs > History ⏳ | The Cold Story of the Grand Alliance 🧊 | 4.1 > Flashcards

History ⏳ | The Cold Story of the Grand Alliance 🧊 | 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the allies in WW2?

A

Britain and France and USA and USSR

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2
Q

Who were the axis powers in WW2?

A

Germany and Japan and Italy

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3
Q

How many battle deaths were in WW2?

A

15M

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4
Q

What was the economic damage of WW2?

A

$1.29 Trillion.

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5
Q

How did the defeat of Germany increase tensions between the USA and the USSR?

A
  • Different ideas on how to punish Germany
  • Two superpowers with opposing ideas were put together
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6
Q

When were the two invasions of the USSR?

A

1919 and 1941

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7
Q

What was the USSR’s response to Munich?

A

They were angered by it because Britain and France wouldn’t fight Hitler.

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8
Q

What were the ideological differences between the USA and the USSR?

A
  • The USA, Britain, and France were capitalist democracies with voting rights and multi-party elections
  • The USSR was a communist one-party state with no opposition
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9
Q

Why was lend-lease needed?

A

The USSR didn’t have the necessary funds to continue being influential against Germany in WW2.

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10
Q

What is a cold war?

A

A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scalewar, especially that which existed between the United States and Soviet Union following WorldWarII

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11
Q

When did WW2 end?

A

Sept 2 1945

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12
Q

What was lend-lease?

A

When the USA government began to loan its military equipment, industrial material equipment, and food equipment to help the USSR.

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13
Q

By 1945, what did the supplies loaned in lend-lease add up to?

A

$11 Billion

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14
Q

Under lend-lease, how many locomotives and wagons were the USSR supplied?

A
  • 2000 locomotive
  • 11,000 wagons
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15
Q

How many air crafts did the USSR receive from the USA in lend-lease?

A

18,700

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16
Q

Why was the USSR frustrated with the USA in WW2?

A

They kept on delaying the invasion of western Europe to relieve pressure on the red army in the east

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17
Q

How much did the USA and Britain delay the creation of a second front?

A

From 1942 to 6 June 1944

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18
Q

Who were the Bigger Threeβ„’?

A

Roosevelt (later replaced by Truman), Churchill, and Stalin.

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19
Q

What were Roosevelt’s (FDR) aims?

A
  • Democracy in Eastern Europe
  • Freedom of speech
  • To trust Stalin, because he trusted him (aww how naive)
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20
Q

What were Churchill’s aims?

A
  • To not trust Stalin
  • To protect Poland
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21
Q

What were Stalin’s aims in the peace conferences?

A
  • Keep the USSR secure (Buffer zone)
  • Keep Polish territory from the Nazi-Soviet pact
  • Have a zone of influence
  • Weaken Germany
  • Have reparations that match losses
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22
Q

When was the Tehran conference?

A

28 Nov - 1 Dec 1943

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23
Q

When was the USSR given a date on the Anglo-American invasion of German-occupied France?

A

During the Tehran conference.

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24
Q

What was to happen to Poland’s border in the Tehran conference?

A

It would move west, restoring the Brest-Litovsk border with Poland.

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25
Q

What disagreements surrounding Germany came from the Tehran conference?

A

Stalin wanted to weaken Germany; Roosevelt & Churchill wanted to rebuild Germany.

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26
Q

When was the Yalta conference?

A

4-11 Feb 1945

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27
Q

What was the Yalta conference about?

A
  • The shape of the post-WW2 world and the nazi-controlled areas
  • Who to own Poland?
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28
Q

In the Yalta conference, what agreements were made on the War of Japan?

A

The USSR agreed to join the war against Japan after defeating Germany, receiving the Sakhalin and Kurile islands as compensation.

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29
Q

What discussions were made about the UN in the Yalta conference?

A

The USSR would have only 3 seats in the UN. And the idea of the UN was created.

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30
Q

What would happen to Germany’s land after WW2, at the time of the Yalta conference?

A

A temporary division of it and Berlin into Soviet, American, British, and French occupation zones.

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31
Q

What were the reparations decided for Germany in the Yalta conference?

A

$20B reparations, 50% to the USSR. This changes in Postdam.

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32
Q

What changes would be taken in Germany according to Yalta?

A
  • The 5 steps in all 4 zones implemented
  • War crimes trials for all nazis
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33
Q

What were the 5 steps?

A
  1. Demilitarization
  2. Democratization
  3. Decentralization
  4. Deindustrialization
  5. Denazification
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34
Q

How did Stalin feel about the reparations agreed on in Yalta?

A

He wanted higher reparations, apparently $10B was nothing to him. Bit hypocritical for a communist guy~

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35
Q

What was agreed on regarding Poland in the Yalta conference?

A
  • Poland is given German territory in the west in compensation to regained Soviet territory
  • Early elections
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36
Q

What tension remained in the ownership of Poland at Yalta?

A
  • Who would win? The communist Lublin Poles, or the FDR London Poles?
  • Stalin didn’t help the Polish resistance fighters attacking German army in Warsaw so Lublin poles could take over. (let them die)
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37
Q

What tension remained regarding Germans in Poland at Yalta?

A

Soviet demands to repatriate Germans in Poland to Germany were rejected.

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38
Q

What was agreed on in ownership of Eastern Europe at Yalta?

A

Early elections in EE countries by Soviets to decide ownership.

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39
Q

What tension remained about Eastern Europe at Yalta?

A

Stalin worried that free elections couldn’t provide governments friendly to the USSR.

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40
Q

When did Roosevelt die?

A

12 Apr 1945

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41
Q

Who replaced Roosevelt?

A

Truman

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42
Q

When was the Potsdam conference?

A

16 Jul - 2 Aug 1945

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43
Q

What was the Potsdam conference about?

A
  • The fate of post-war Germany
  • A harsher treatment to the USSR
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44
Q

What was agreed on in Poland in the Postdam conference?

A
  • Stalin let more London Poles join the now in place Lublin Poles.
  • Truman’s request for elections in Poland was turned down.
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45
Q

Define Veto.

A

The right to stop a bill from being passed.

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46
Q

What would happen to Germany’s land, at the time of the Postdam conference?

A
  • It would officially be divided into 4 zones
47
Q

What were the confirmed reparations in Germany in the Postdam conference?

A
  • A confirmed amount, though reduced reparations
  • Limited reparations for the Soviets
48
Q

How were industrial goods given as reparations at Potsdam?

A
  • Industrial goods had to come from each power’s own zone, the USSR providing agricultural goods in return for industrial goods from western zones.
49
Q

When were the 5 Ds and war crimes trials confirmed?

A

Potsdam conference.

50
Q

What tension remained around Germany after Potsdam?

A
  • Disagreements about denazification led to each zone implementing it differently (Stalin worried they could return to power in west)
  • West wanted a quick economic recovery for Germany; Stalin wanted to keep it weak.
  • Stalin concerned about impact of capitalist zones on Eastern zone.
51
Q

What land did the USSR receive in Eastern Europe according to Potsdam?

A
  • Land from Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia
  • Baltic republics (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) join USSR
52
Q

What happened to Germans in Poland Hungary and Czechoslovakia according to Potsdam?

A

They would move to Germany

53
Q

What concerns did the USA have over developments in Eastern Europe in Potsdam?

A

They were concerned by the land the USSR gained, as it would increase the communist sphere of influence.

54
Q

What developments were made with the UN at Potsdam?

A
  • It was formally created
  • USA, USSR, Britain, and France were the 5 permanent members of security council
  • They each had a veto
55
Q

What is the UN security council?

A

An organ of the UN that approves if a peace operation should continue.

56
Q

How many USSR soldiers and civilians died in WW2?

A

30 million.

57
Q

How many homes were destroyed in the USSR in WW2?

A

25 million.

58
Q

Define buffer zone.

A

A group of countries surrounding a major state and acting as a protective barrier.

59
Q

What did the Bigger Three actually AGREE on?

A
  1. Limiting Germany’s power to prevent another war.
  2. Cooperation to continue in peacetime
  3. World peace organization to follow the League (UN)
60
Q

When was the UN created?

A

October 1945

61
Q

Where was the UN created?

A

New york

62
Q

What was the difference between Roosevelt and Truman?

A

Truman’s policies were a lot more harsh, and he didn’t trust Stalin as much.

63
Q

What were Truman’s aims?

A
  • CONTAINMENT
  • Democracies stand up to dictators
  • Free trade to prevent depression 2.0
64
Q

Define containment.

A

Keeping USSR with certain boundaries and borders, prevent them from advancing infulence.

65
Q

What was the iron curtain?

A

A term created after Churchill’s speech that said communism was separated from capitalism.

66
Q

By 1946, which countries had communist governments?

A

Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania.

67
Q

What did the cominform mean?

A

Communist Information Bureau.

68
Q

When was the cominform established?

A

October 1947

69
Q

What was the job of the cominform?

A
  • To coordinate work of communist parties

- To fly leaders to moscow and keep an eye on them

70
Q

How did Stalin maintain a loyal inner circle during the Soviet Bloc?

A

He spotted independent people and replaced them with loyal ones

71
Q

When was Tito expelled from the soviet bloc?

A

1948

72
Q

What was the soviet bloc?

A

The group of socialist states of Eastern Europe under the influence of the Soviet Union

73
Q

What were the terms of the Stalinist system?

A
  1. Supremacy of a single power
  2. Personalisation of power (each was a β€œlittle Stalin”)
  3. Predominance of police over all sections of party and state organisation
  4. Ultra-secret police organisation infiltrating the local government to enforce` the Soviet part and government’s leadership.
74
Q

When did Stalin begin to set up coalition governments to build up his soviet bloc?

A

1944

75
Q

When was the Czechoslovakian coalition government elected?

A

May 1946

76
Q

What tactics were used for THE Stalin to take power in Czechoslovakia?

A
  • Took control of key departments such as law and order
  • Arresting opponents
  • Blocking elections in 1948, filling positions with communists
77
Q

Who in Czechoslovakia signed a treaty with the USSR? What was it?

A

Dr Edward Benes signed a treaty with Moscow, and it returned to Prague with a Moscow-approved coalition government

78
Q

What were Czechoslovakia’s feelings to the USSR before joining the bloc?

A

They were positive to them as they felt betrayed by Munich.

79
Q

With how much of a vote did the communist coalition government of Czechoslovakia win?

A

31%

80
Q

When did Hungary join the Soviet Bloc?

A

`1948

81
Q

What were Hungary’s feelings towards the USSR prior to joining the bloc?

A

They were a wartime German ally strongly anti-communist.

82
Q

How much of the vote did the communists win in the 1945 Nov elections in Hungary?

A

17%

83
Q

What tactics were used for communists to take control of the coalition government in Hungary?

A
  • They are given the post of the ministry of interior, using the secret police to persecute non communists
  • In 1947, falsified elections give them control of coalition government
84
Q

How did the communist party take full power in Hungary?

A

They merged with the Social democratic party and took power.

85
Q

When did the Communist party merge with the Social democratic party in Hungary?

A

1948

86
Q

What were Poland’s feelings to the USSR before joining the bloc?

A
  • History of conflict
87
Q

When were Poland’s elections held

A

Jan 1947

88
Q

How did The communists win the elections in Poland?

A
  • It was stage-managed, to give impression of the government having the backing of the people.
  • Falsified vote
  • Intimidating, arresting, killing, murdering, hurting, stabbing and mean to opponents.
  • Taking control of important positions
89
Q

What were Romania’s feelings to the USSR before joining the bloc?

A

They were a wartime German Ally: anti USSR

90
Q

What tactics were used to create a powerful coalition government in Romania?

A
  • Communist prime minister

- Communists held important positions

91
Q

When was the coalition government of Romania formed?

A

1945

92
Q

When were the falsified elections of Romania?

A

1946

93
Q

Who was the king of Romania before 1947?

A

King Michael

94
Q

When was the king of Romania forced to abdicate?

A

December 1947

95
Q

What were Bulgaria’s feelings to the USSR prior to joining the bloc?

A

They were a former German ally.

96
Q

What was the coalition in Bulgaria called?

A

The fatherland front.

97
Q

How did Bulgaria get to a full communist government?

A
  • Fatherland front purged of anti-communist rivals.

- Monarchy abolished

98
Q

When was Bulgaria’s monarchy abolished?

A

1946

99
Q

When was the new constitution in Bulgaria implemented?

A

1947

100
Q

What did the new Bulgaria constitution do?

A

Purge the opposition to communists.

101
Q

Which countries didnt join the soviet bloc?

A

Yugoslavia, Iran, Turkey

102
Q

Who led Yugoslovakia?

A

Tito, another communist.

103
Q

Why didn’t Yugoslovakia join the soviet bloc?

A

The leader, Tito was independent with his own version of communism. Stalin wanted to invade but Tito’s popularity discouraged him.

104
Q

Why didn’t Iran join the Soviet bloc?

A
  1. They break an agreement with Britain to leave Iran 6 months after WW2
  2. Pressure of the UN security council and the USA makes them leave.
105
Q

How did Stalin try to bring Turkey into the Soviet bloc?

A
  1. He demands a naval base for the USSR on Dardanelles, linking the black sea and Mediterranean.
  2. He sent ships to increase pressure on Turkey
106
Q

Why couldn’t Turkey join the Soviet bloc?

A

Stalin found out Turkey was supported by the USA and Britain and backed out.

107
Q

What was the USA’s reaction to the Soviet bloc?

A

They were alarmed. It was breaking policies of democracy and spreading fast!

108
Q

What was the Truman Doctorine?

A

The UA foreign policy that would send money to any country β€œthreatened by communism”

109
Q

When was the Greece civil war?

A

1947

110
Q

What was the Greece civil war?

A

The war between Monarchists (supported by Britain) and the communists, both resisting nazis.

111
Q

How did the Greece civil war lead to the Truman doctorine?

A

The British are unable to afford supporting the monarchists, so the US sends them $400M for them to stay.

112
Q

When was the Truman doctorine?

A

12 Mar 1947

113
Q

When did Britain want to back out of the Greece civil war?

A

Feb 1947

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