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Medicine 2 Weeks 1 - 6 COPY > Red Cell Disorders (REVISE) > Flashcards

Red Cell Disorders (REVISE) Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of anaemias are from iron deficiency

A

95%

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2
Q

Is diet a significant cause of anaemia

A

No it is very rarely a cause

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3
Q

Different types of anaemias

A 
Iron deficiency anaemia 
Megaloblastic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia
Aplastic anaemia
Sickle cell
Thalassaemias
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4
Q

Symptoms of Anaemia

A

Shortness of breath
Weakness/Lethargy
Tachycardia

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5
Q

Does skin colour (not race; literal colour/tone) indicate anaemia; what else

A

Skin colour not a reliable sign, as this is determined by blood flow

Nail bed and conjunctiva may be pale though

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6
Q

What might severe anaemia cause in elderly

A

Angina

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7
Q

Oral manifestations of anaemia

A

Glossitis (painful red tongue)

Angular cheilitis

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8
Q

How might DPG levels change in anaemic patients

A

DPG may be elevated in RBCs so O2 more readily given up to tissues

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9
Q

Microcytic Anaemia

A

Anaemia caused by decreased MCV; type of iron deficiency

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10
Q

Why does iron deficiency anaemia cause microcytic anaemia

A

Body is starved of iron so RBCs are abnormally small as one of their main components is depleted

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11
Q

Label

A
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12
Q

Usual treatment for Iron Deficiency Anaemia

A

Usually Iron Sulfate (FeSO4)

Find and treat the underlying cause (e.g. GI Bleeding, menstrual problems)

REVISE

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13
Q

Normocytic Anaemia

A

Patient has normal-sized red blood cells, but a low number of them

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14
Q

Renal Anaemia

A

Kidney produces EPO, so in chronic kidney disease, RBC production is not stimulated which causes normocytic anaemia

REVISE MINORLY

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15
Q

How do pregnancies affect anaemia

A

Dilution and/or iron deficiency as the foetus is taking iron from the mother

Hormones of pregnancy increase MCV while iron reduces it causing normocytic anaemia

REVISE MINORLY JUST DOUBLE CHECK

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16
Q

Megaloblastic Anaemia

A

Abnormal RBC maturation due to defective DNA synthesis, out of step with cytoplasmic development; bone marrow contains megaloblasts

Macrocytic

Due to Vit B12 or folate deficiency - increased incidence in alcohol abuse

REVISE SIGNIFICANTLY, MAYBE EVEN MORE THAN ONE CARD

17
Q

Folic Acid

A

Essential for thymidylate synthesis (Rate limiting step in DNA synthesis as thymidine is a pyrimidine base)

Obtained through foods

18
Q

DNA Synthesis mechanism

A

B12 is relevant or something; folate is similar???

REVISE ASF

19
Q

Methotrexate

A

Anti-cancer drug and immunosuppressant in rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, therefore folate regeneration impaired

They are supplemented with occasional folate to avoid megaloblastic anaemia

20
Q

Pernicious Anaemia

A

Lack of intrinsic factor for absorption of B12 due to autoimmune disease - treat with hydrocobalamin i.m

REVISE

**Hydrocobalamin is Synthetic vit B12

21
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

IBD

Malabsorption of B12, folate or iron

22
Q

Haemolytic Anaemias and causes

A

Increased rate of RBC destruction

Caused by:
Spherocytosis - genetic - abnormal reduction in RBC membrane protein (spectrin) - cells fragile

Acquired - Haemolytic transfusion reaction, malaria, drug-induced

23
Q

Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemias

A

Jaundice (?) and enlarged spleen

Folate deficiency may occur due to increased erythropoiesis

24
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Val -> Glu. Acid)

Abnormal Hb - insoluble forms crystals at low O2, causing RBC forming sickle shapes and potentially blocking microcirculation

Causes haemolytic anaemia

25
Q

Clinical Features of Sickle Cell Anaemia

A 
Vaso-occlusive crisis
Pain
Reduced life expectancy
Risk of stroke
Managed by transfusions
26
Q

Ethnicity Bias of Sickle Cell Anaemia

A

Very common in sub-saharan africa as the trait has advantages against malaria

2% of Nigerian newborns are affected

8% of black population are carriers

27
Q

Thalessaemias

A

Genetic disorder - reduced rate of alpha or beta globin units production many variations

Deletion of both alpha genes leads to death in uterus as Hb (γ4) produced

One alpha=gene deletion reduces RBC volume and haematocrit

28
Q

Ethnicity of Thalassaemia

A

REVISE

29
Q

Aplastic Anaemia

A

Insufficient production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets (pancytopenia); Although may just be RBCs (pure red cell aplasia)

30
Q

Symptoms of aplastic anaemia

A

Decreased resistance to infections, increased bleeding, increased tiredness

31
Q

How is aplastic anaemia acquired

A

Cytotoxic (anticancer) agents
Chloramphenicol
Sulphonamides
Insecticides

REVISE!!

32
Q

Treatment of Aplastic Anaemia

A

Bone marrow transplant - with tissue match

Immunosuppressants - to prevent immune destruction of stem cells

Colony-stimulating factors - increase WBC count

REVISE!!

33
Q

Polycythaemia

A

Opposite of Anaemia; Increased Hb content and haematocrit

Increased blood viscosity - poor tissue perfusion

34
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Polycythaemia

A 
Ruddy appearance
Cyanosis (sluggish bloodflow)
Headaches
Blurred vision
Hypertension
35
Q

Causes of Polycythaemia

A

Primary: Changes in bone marrow, stem cell defect

Secondary: Increased EPO- altitude, smoking, renal carcinoma, COPD

36
Q

Treatment of polycythaemia (primary and secondary)

A

Primary - Taking blood from patient regularly (venesection)

Giving patient radioactive phosphorus which causes bone marrow suppression (myelosuppression)

Cytotoxic Agents (myelosuppression)

Secondary polycythaemia is treated by treating the root cause

Medicine 2 Weeks 1 - 6 COPY (54 decks)

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