Pharmacogenetics

Question 1

Reasons why patients might respond differently to medicines

Answer 1

Disease
Interactions
Renal/Liver Function
Age
Resistances
Genetics
Ethnicity

***DO NOT MEMORISE AT ALL

Question 2

Polymorphisms

Answer 2

Discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of genes/bases

• Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
  
  • Mutations leading to aa substitutions

Question 3

Activation and Deactivation Drugs

Answer 3

Deactivation - Drugs to inactivate metabolite

Activation - Pro-drug to activate metabolite

Question 4

Codeine on those with Chinese ethnicity

Answer 4

Chinese patients are more likely to be unable to metabolise codeine into its active form morphine since the drug requires metabolic conversion - patients do not benefit

Question 5

Effects of metabolism on Tamoxifen

Answer 5

It is a drug to treat lower oestrogen levels (I think)

In poor metabolisers, impaired conversion to active agonist may be noticed and the drug does not do much

Question 6

Resistance to Clopidogrel

Answer 6

Patients with heterozygous variant may need higher dose while those of homozygous of certain allele entirely do not respond

Anti-platelet med

Question 7

Risk of clopidogrel’s poor metabolism

Answer 7

It is used in stenting to prevent the formation of a thrombus, so if it is ineffective, a thrombus is more likely to form

Question 8

Why is warfarin dosage so individual to the patient

Answer 8

There are two competing genetic variations/polymorphisms so clearance is so significantly affected that it cannot be easily standardised

Question 9

DONT WORRY ABOUT THIS LECTURE, ITS MORE IMPORTANT TO BE VAGUELY AWARE OF THE CONTENT THAN TO ACTUALLY DEEP THE CONTENT