Human Bio Final

Question 1

List the steps of the digestive system (start with mouth, end with anus)

Answer 1

1. amylase breaks down carbohydrates in the saliva
2. food pushed down esophagus
3. food is broken down by acid and pepsin in the stomach
4. chyme(food and acid) moves into small intestine- blood absorbs the nutrients in the villi
5. large intestine removes h2o from undigested food and protein feces
6. feces move through rectum and anus

Question 2

difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

Answer 2

mechanical- physical breakdown of food

chemical- chemicals break down food

Question 3

an organ that contains villi for absorbing nutrients

Answer 3

small intestine

Question 4

an organ that produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

Answer 4

pancreas

Question 5

an organ that contains hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

Answer 5

stomach

Question 6

an organ that removes water from the undigested material

Answer 6

large intestine

Question 7

an organ that produces bile (a fluid made of lipids and salts that dissolves fat in fatty foods)

Answer 7

liver

Question 8

an organ that stores bile

Answer 8

gallbladder

Question 9

a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Answer 9

esophagus

Question 10

involuntary muscle contractions

Answer 10

peristalsis

Question 11

biological catalyst or a protein that speed up chemical reactions (your metabolism)

Answer 11

enzyme

Question 12

enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into sugars

Answer 12

amylase

Question 13

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller fragments; it needs an acidic environment

Answer 13

pepsin

Question 14

mixture of acid and food in the stomach

Answer 14

chyme

Question 15

unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls

Answer 15

Bacteria

Question 16

particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells

Answer 16

Virus

Question 17

a virus’s outer protein coat that enables a virus to bind itself to the surface of a cell and “trick” the cell into allowing it inside

Answer 17

Capsid

Question 18

viruses that infect bacteria

Answer 18

Bacteriophage

Question 19

a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Answer 19

Lytic infection

Question 20

a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

Answer 20

Lysogenic infection

Question 21

Compounds that kill bacteria

Answer 21

Antibiotic

Question 22

the science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a human population

Answer 22

Epidemiology

Question 23

a substance on the surface of cells or viruses that can trigger the immune response; examples: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Answer 23

Antigen

Question 24

white blood cell that produces antibodies

Answer 24

B-Lymphocytes

Question 25

a protein that helps destroy pathogens (viruses and bacteria) by binding to antigens and it has two antigen-binding sites

Answer 25

Antibody

Question 26

Immune system damages and destroys the transplanted organ because marker proteins on the transplanted organ are foreign

Answer 26

Organ rejection

Question 27

the injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity; results in the production of specific types of antibodies

Answer 27

Vaccination

Question 28

Lasts only a short time because the body destroys borrowed antibodies

Answer 28

Passive immunity

Question 29

Antibodies from the mother are passed to the infant in mother’s milk

Answer 29

Maternal immunity

Question 30

Occurs when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of the disease from person to person unlikely. As a result, the whole community becomes protected- not just those who are immune

Answer 30

Herd Immunity

Question 31

A bacterial infection of the intestines that causes diarrhea; john snow investigated outbreaks of their disease in London

Answer 31

Cholera

Question 32

most common tick-borne disease in the US

Answer 32

Lyme Disease

Question 33

caused by salmonella bacteria, which colonize the small intestine and spread to the blood, liver and gallbladder

Answer 33

Typhoid fever

Question 34

killed 60% of Europe’s total population in the 14th century; the vector was a flea

Answer 34

black death or bubonic plague

Question 35

spores enter skin wounds and release neurotoxins, resulting in uncontrolled stimulation of skeletal muscles; causes lockjaw or trismus

Answer 35

Tetanus

Question 36

Direct cause of death of over half of all aids patients worldwide

Answer 36

tuberculosis

Question 37

Explain how the mRNA vaccine works for fighting off COVID-19

Answer 37

mRNA is injected into muscle cells + it provides instructions for making spike protein found in COVID-19. Antibodies are created to destroy the protein

Question 38

The brain stem controls your body’s involuntary actions, such as breathing and heart rate, and it includes the…

Answer 38

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 39

the area where a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell is the

Answer 39

synapse

Question 40

the CNS consists of the

Answer 40

brain and spinal cord

Question 41

what type of neuron transmits a nerve impulse from the brain or spinal cord out to an effector

Answer 41

motor neuron

Question 42

which areas of the cerebrum are responsible for analyzing and interpreting sensory experiences and overseeing memory, reasoning, etc.

Answer 42

association areas