Aztecs Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mexico’s society like with regards to its Spanish past?

A

Mexicans do not identify with Spain.

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2
Q

What is a catastrophe?

A

A disaster. Huge mess, terrible.

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3
Q

Why did the Spanish force the Aztecs to convert and used them as workers? (4)

A
  1. The Spanish believed it was their divine mission to spread Catholicism, so they forced the rest to convert.
  2. Driven by the greed for gold, they didn’t care about the rights of the Aztecs.
  3. They were not willing to do anything for the Aztecs that cost them money or interfered with their plans.
  4. The Spanish felt their culture was superior, so they were unlikely to assimilate (give up their religion, language, traditions, etc.).
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4
Q

Cause: Aztecs felt that the gods had abandoned them.

A

Effect: Aztecs suffered defeat.

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5
Q

Effect: Aztecs suffered defeat.

A

Cause: Aztecs felt that the gods had abandoned them.

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6
Q

Cause: Cortes asked the king to send priests and missionaries to New Spain.

A

Effect: Franciscan priests from the Franciscan Order came three years later and vowed to live in poor conditions, never to marry, and obey their superiors. They traveled to Cortes, who kissed their gray robes and knelt before them.

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7
Q

Effect: Franciscan priests from the Franciscan Order came three years later and vowed to live in poor conditions, never to marry, and obey their superiors. They traveled to Cortes, who kissed their gray robes and knelt before them.

A

Cause: Cortes asked the king to send priests and missionaries to New Spain.

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8
Q

Cause: The Franciscan priests went through mountains and jungles to Mexico City, arriving weeks later, having traveled 500km. CORTES WAS HAPPY THAT THEY HAD APPEARED.

A

Effect: Cortes expressed respect and thanks to the priests.

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9
Q

Effect: Cortes expressed respect and thanks to the priests.

A

Cause: The Franciscan priests went through mountains and jungles to Mexico City, arriving weeks later, having traveled 500km. CORTES WAS HAPPY THAT THEY HAD APPEARED.

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10
Q

Why did the Franciscan priests destroy the Aztec temples and burn all the Aztec codices they could find?

A

That there would be no trace of Aztecs ever-existing and that no one would find inspiration from them, in particular from their religion, for they found the Aztec’s religion barbaric toward their Catholic faith. This also forced the Aztecs further to abandon their beliefs.

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11
Q

Why was a featherwork design put on the cover of a chalice?

A

To pay homage to the Aztec belief system and as a way of apologizing for and acknowledging the past. Also because not all Aztecs were convinced about Christianity.

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12
Q

Something was taken from a group of Indigenous peoples and returned. When was it returned, by who, and who was it originally taken from? What was it?

A

Sweden returned the totem pole to the Haisla people in 2006.

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13
Q

Why did Sweden return the totem pole to the Haisla people in 2006?

A

They had found respect for that culture and now saw how important it is to the Haisla people and how it is a part of their identity.

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14
Q

After the Spanish conquest, what effect did religion have on the Aztec worldview?

A

They were forced to be educated in Catholicism and convert, which impacted their values, beliefs, knowledge, and more. The Aztecs were polytheistic while the Catholic religion was monotheistic. Some Aztecs questioned their gods and believed in the Catholic God, for He beat their gods in the battle. Was He more powerful than their gods?

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15
Q

How was the Encomienda System structured? (Ranks and what each rank did.)

A

Spanish Crown (Takes King’s fifth, 20% of all gold and valuables in New Spain) –> Governor/Viceroy (Collects taxes to support himself, the Colonial government, and the Spanish Crown) –> Spanish Conquistadors and Settlers (Given encomiendas with Aztec workers. They paid taxes and kept the remaining profits) –> Aztec People (Did work on the farms and in the mines for basic life necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter)

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16
Q

How did the Aztec system work?

A

With war, collecting tributes from the conquered countries, farming, and fishing.

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17
Q

Who benefited from the Aztec system and how?

A

Emperor was treated like a god, the nobility and priests were rich, the merchants, artisans, and soldiers were wealthy, and farmers, fishers, and women were poor, but they could work their way up the ranks.

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18
Q

Who was harmed by the Aztec system and how?

A

The tributes that were offered for human sacrifice and the peoples the Aztecs conquered.

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19
Q

Who benefited from the Encomienda system and how?

A

Spanish Crown got valuables and gold, Governor/Viceroy benefited from taxes, conquistadors and settlers got land, workers, and profits. They were wealthy in varying degrees.

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20
Q

Who was harmed by the Encomienda system and how?

A

Slaves had to do all work for basic life necessities.

21
Q

What time was the Dominion Lands Act?

A

1872.

22
Q

How did the Dominion Lands Act work?

A

The government sold settlers 65 hectares of land for $10. Once they paid a registration fee and built a house, they had to farm a portion of their land for 3 years.

23
Q

Who benefited from the Dominion Lands Act and how?

A

Settlers got many things, including land and machinery.

24
Q

Who was harmed by the Dominion Lands Act and how?

A

The Metis. Their homeland was being sold and they were treated badly. They were given bad machinery and became very poor.

25
Q

Why were Metis treated differently than immigrant homesteaders?

A

They had different worldviews and were generally different from the settlers. The government didn’t recognize Metis’ rights and considered them “not desirable immigrants”.

26
Q

Why did Cortes’s men threaten to rebel?

A

They hadn’t been paid for their efforts.

27
Q

Why did Cortes write to Spain?

A

He needed his men satisfied and ready to stay and help set up a colony.

28
Q

What was Cortes’s goal?

A

To stay in Mexico and make it a colony of the Spanish Empire.

29
Q

What did Cortes need his fighting men to do?

A

Help him in this mission.

30
Q

Cortes put two policies in place to solve his problem. What were they?

A
  1. Encomienda system.

2. Marriage law: marry in 6 months (either to an Indigenous or bring a wife from Spain) or lose encomienda.

31
Q

What was King Carlos I’s opinion about the Encomienda system?

A

Encomiendas are bad for the Indigenous.

32
Q

What did King Carlos I say about the effect the Encomienda system was having on Indigenous people?

A

It harmed those of the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. It caused resentment, making it difficult to convert them. Aztecs should not work as slaves, they were created free and not servile by God.

33
Q

What was Cortes’s opinion about the Encomienda system?

A

Encomiendas are necessary for the success of New Spain.

34
Q

What did Cortes say about the effect the Encomienda system was having on the Indigenous people?

A

That they were freer than in their previous Aztec system as there is no human sacrifice in the Encomienda system.

35
Q

What did Cortes say about the effect the Encomienda system was having on the Spanish people?

A

They had no other means of supporting themselves, so they would return to Spain and the King would lose his colony.

36
Q

What two things did Cortes achieve by giving his soldiers land grants and getting them to marry?

A
  1. Shifted their focus from finding gold and returning to Spain to colonizing New Spain.
  2. Strengthened ties to the colony by having the men marry Indigenous women.
37
Q

What effect do you think Cortes’s policies have had on the worldviews held by Mexicans today?

A

They wouldn’t have had Spanish and Mestizo people or many of their worldviews. His men wouldn’t have stayed and the colony may not have been built.

38
Q

What did King Carlos I fear?

A

Feared that Cortes would declare himself King of the colony and separate from Spain, or, at the very best, that Cortes would put his interests first and those of the King second.

39
Q

What do you think was Hernan Cortes’s point of view when having the governorship taken away from him?

A

He had worked hard and would have been furious to see it all go to Mendoza and to have King Carlos I have such a lack of trust in him despite everything he had done for him.

40
Q

Who did Cortes’s governorship go to?

A

Don Antonio de Mendoza.

41
Q

What do you think was Don Antonio de Mendoza’s point of view when being granted Cortes’s governorship?

A

He was probably honoured to get the job from King Carlos I and take Cortes’s place.

42
Q

Cause: Spain was taking all the goods from New Spain.

A

Effect: New Spain had a shortage of good roads, schools, and housing.
Major Results: Discontent arose until Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821.

43
Q

Effect: New Spain had a shortage of good roads, schools, and housing.

A

Cause: Spain was taking all the goods from New Spain.

Major Results: Discontent arose until Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821.

44
Q

What is the Governor-General of Canada?

A

The Queen’s representative in Canada, appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

45
Q

What are the official duties of the Governor-General?

A

Opening and closing Parliament and serving as a cultural ambassador for Canada around the world.

46
Q

How has Mexico’s religion been influenced by the Aztec culture?

A

The Church festivals that take place there to this day include Aztec traditions.

47
Q

How has Mexico’s art been influenced by the Aztec culture?

A

Frida Kahlo had a Mestizo mother and a German father. She was fascinated by Mexican folk art and the sculpture and architecture of the Indigenous. She was an art teacher and would take her art students to the ruins of Aztec temples. Her husband, Diego Rivera, painted murals of Aztecs before and during the conquest.

48
Q

How had Mexico’s literature been influenced by the Aztec culture?

A

Octavio Paz was the best-known Mexican writer of the 20th century. He believed that only by studying the history of Mexico’s Indigenous peoples could a person understand what was happening in present-day Mexico. He was a poet who turned to the Aztec culture for inspiration. He modeled his longest poem, the “Sun-Stone”, on the Aztec calendar. The poem had the same four lines at the beginning as in the end, granting it a circular structure just like the Aztec calendar. The poem’s imagery, or choice of symbols, comes from the images that the Aztec artists carved into the calendar stone.