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Civil Rights > Native Americans > Flashcards

Native Americans Flashcards

1
Q

Sand Creek Massacre

A

1864

  • Cheyenne and Arapaho massacred by Colonel Chivington’s Colorado volunteers
  • The cause was the long conflict for control of the plains of eastern Colorado
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2
Q

Transcontinental Railway

A

1868

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3
Q

Great Sioux Reservation

A

1868

- established by Fort Laramie

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4
Q

Indian Appropriation Act

A

1871

  • wards of the US government
  • “no tribe would be recognized as an independent nation…with whom the US should contract with treaty”
  • Meant all previous treaties made with the government invalid.
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5
Q

Battle of Little Bighorn

A

1876

  • NA victory
  • Confirmed for many whites that NA were savages and dangerous
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6
Q

Carlisle Boarding School / Boarding Schools

A

1879

  • purpose was to civilise NA
  • couldn’t speak native language at school
  • Tribes rations were suspended if they refused to send their children to the school
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7
Q

Indian Rights Assocaition

A

1882

- Group of white social activists dedicated to helping NA

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8
Q

Code of Religious Offences

A

1883

-restricted the religious practises of and ceremonies of NA

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9
Q

Crow Dog

A

1883
- Supreme Court ruled that Crow Dog would only face tribal punishment because the act of murder against another NA occurred in NA territory

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10
Q

Major Crimes Act

A

1885

  • In response to Crow Dog
  • Congress passed the act drawing certain crimes under federal jurisdiction
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11
Q

Dawes Act

A

1887
E - 160 acres of land allocated to each male head of the family
E - 2/3 of NA land lost, 90 million acres
S - Matriarchal tribes disrespected, tribal leadership and communal living changed
P - given citizenship but unable to vote

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12
Q

Curtis Act

A

1898

- land allotment process for the 5 civilised tribes

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13
Q

Wounded Knee Massacre

A

1890
NA lost the battle but gained white sympathy
- 300 Lakota massacred

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14
Q

Lone Wolf v Hitchcock

A

1902

- Ruled that any treaty made with NA could be overturned

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15
Q

Cherokee v Hitchcock

A

1903

- Ruled that congress had the power to modify or terminate any treaties with NA without their consent

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16
Q

Muskogee Convention

A

1905

- Attempt of the 5 civilized tribes to create a NA state

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17
Q

Society of American Indian

A

1911

  • 50 NA formed the group
  • formed to address issues such as NA healthcare, education and Civil Rights
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18
Q

Indian Citizenship Act

A

1924

- Gave NA citizenship

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19
Q

American Indian Defence Association (AIDA)

A

1923

  • Formed by John Collier
  • fought to protect religious freedom and tribal property for NA in the US
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20
Q

Dance Order (Leavitt BIll)

A

1923
- This bill threatened to remove the right of Pueblo Indians to perform some of their traditional dances in New Mexico.
However, AIDA was able to block the bill successfully.

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21
Q

Bursum Bill

A

1922

  • Allowed non-NA to retain any NA land they had previously squatted on
  • The Bursum Bill of 1922 posed a threat as it would authorize the acquisition of Pueblo lands
  • AIDA was able to successfully block the bill
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22
Q

Meriam Report

A

1928

  • Report investigating the condition NA faced
  • Found that the government was failing to look after NA
  • Influenced future policy on NA
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23
Q

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)

A

1934

  • John Collier is responsible for getting it through BIA
  • gave NA recognition as a sovereign nation and allowed them to contract with the congres
  • Ended the Dawes allotment policy
  • restored some NA land that had been lost
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24
Q

WW2

A

Urbanization - S - NA drawn to cities lived in ghettos and spoke tribal languages
E - improve the economic status of individuals
- 1945 NA salary was £2500 double what they earned in 1940

S - NA fought with whites, and used tribal languages to communicate as a form of code taking.
- recognition for their bravery and military talent and tactic

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25
Q

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

A

1944
- Founded to represent tribes and resist Federal Government pressure to terminate tribal rights and resort to assimilation

26
Q

Harrison v Laveen

A

1948

- Result - NA in Arizona given suffrage de jure

27
Q

Indian Claims Commission

A

1948

- helped mediate between NA and US Gov to win compensation for NA for stolen land lost

28
Q

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A

1948

  • John Collier was FDR’s Commissioner for the BIA
  • Aimed to work out what NA needed and fund them
29
Q

Termination

A

1953 - 1970

  • Eisenhower’s policy
  • Ended treatment of NA as a sovereign Nation
  • Full cultural Assimilation of NA
30
Q

Termination

A

1953 - 1960

  • Eisenhower’s policy
  • Ended treatment of NA as a sovereign Nation
  • Full cultural Assimilation of NA
31
Q

Indian Vocational Training Act

A

1956

- US law to encourage NA to leave their reservations

32
Q

Red Power

A
  • Emerged in 1960’s
33
Q

National Indian Youth Council

A

1961
1960’s - NIYC worked to preserve fishing rights
The 1970s - NIYC focused on environmental concerns and aided tribes suffering from the adverse effects of contamination from coal strip mining and uranium mining.
- The NIYC focused on improving public education and job training for NA promoting religious freedom, and increasing political participation

34
Q

Indian Civil Rights Act

A

1968

- E - Improved NA living conditions

35
Q

Affirmative Action

A

1968

  • Nixons
  • Nixons pledge to restore lost land
36
Q

Siege of Alcatraz

A

1969

37
Q

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A

1968
- centered in urban areas to address systematic issues of poverty
-

38
Q

Native American Rights Fund = NARF

What were the court cases the handled ?

A

1970

  • NA CR group used the courts to gain
  • 1974 Oneida Tribe v Oneidaa County
  • 1976 Fisher v Montana
  • 1980 Us v Sioux Nation
  • 1988 Carrier v Bell
39
Q

Trail of Broken Treaties

A

1972

  • AIM occupied the BIA
  • violence between NA and US guards
40
Q

Title VII

A

1972

- Employment preference for NA in the BIA

41
Q

Indian Education Act

A

1972

- FUnds for NA schools substantially increased

42
Q

Indian Policy Review Commission

A

1975

43
Q

Oneida State v Oneida Nation

A

1975

- Result - Oneida tribe had their land returned

44
Q

Fisher v Montana

A

1976

- Tribes allowed to decide on adoption parents

45
Q

Religious Freedoms Act

A

1978

- Allowed NA to practise their own religion

46
Q

Women of All Red Nations

A

1974

  • 300 women from 30 tribes
  • worked for NA health and restoring treaty rights
  • fought commercialization of NA culture
47
Q

Indian Child Welfare Act

A

1978

- Gave tribes the right to decide on adoption

48
Q

Reagan

A

The 1980s

  • NA capitalism
  • Aimed to make NA self-sufficient
49
Q

United States v Sioux Nation

A

1980

  • SC ruled Sioux were entitled to financial compensation for the Black Hills of Dakota
  • Refused it
50
Q

Seminole v Butterworth

A

1982

- Ruled Seminole could run a Bingo Bussiness on their Reservation

51
Q

Carrier v Bell

A

1988

- All NA artifacts found in Louisiana county were to be returned to the tribes

52
Q

Graves Act

A

1990

- NA artifacts in museums must be returned

53
Q

NA languages Act

A

1990

- Allowed the use of NA languages as a medium of instruction in schools

54
Q

Occupation of Pine Ridge

A

1973

- Protesting against BIA and the broken treaties

55
Q

Longest Walk

A

1978

  • Final event of the Red Power Movement
  • NA marched from San Fran to Washington DC to symbolize the forced removal of NA form their homeland through Trail of Tears
56
Q

Indian Self Determination Act

A

1975
P - Gove abandoned the policy of assimilation
- Tribes free to govern themselves and could negotiate contracts

  • E - gave NA funds to work towards self sufficiency
57
Q

Indian Healthcare Improvement Act

A

1976

- medicine scholarships for NA

58
Q

Great Society Programme

A

1963

- Aimed to improve NA lives

59
Q

National Council of Indian Opportunity

A
  • Improve education, provide adequate housing and give legal help
60
Q

Medicine Lodge Treaty

A

1967

- Created a reservation Oklahoma for five NA tribes

61
Q

Porter v Hall

A

1928

- limited NA vote in Arizona

Civil Rights (3 decks)

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