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mocks > Will Giles SAQ > Flashcards

Will Giles SAQ Flashcards

1
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2

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2
Q

What are the substrates of ketogenesis?

A

Two molecules of acetyl-CoA

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3
Q

What happens to acetone that is produced in ketogenesis?

A

It is breathed out (because it is volatile)

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4
Q

Name two types of genetic testing in pregnancy

A
  1. Amniocentesis

2. Chorionic Villi Sampling

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5
Q

What are the 6 steps in the chain of infection?

A
  1. Causative micro-organism
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Mode of transport
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Vulnerable host
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6
Q

Define heritability

A

The proportion of the aetiology (cause) that can be ascribed to genetic factors as
opposed to the environmental factors

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7
Q

Define haematocrit

A

A measure of the proportion of the blood that consists of red blood cells

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8
Q

What change does the Fe cation in the centre of the haem group in haemoglobin undergo when it changes from oxyhaemoglobin to deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Changes from Fe2+ to Fe3+

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9
Q

What is, normally, the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Give some examples of tissue-resident macrophages

A
  1. Microglia
  2. Osteoclasts
  3. Kupffer cells
  4. Mesangial cells in the glomerulus
  5. Alveolar macrophages
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11
Q

During pericarditis, referred pain to the shoulder is quite common. Which nerve is responsible for this?

A

Phrenic nerve

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12
Q

Define compliance

A

How easily the heart chambers expand when filled with blood

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13
Q

Which protein extends from the Z-line of the sarcomere to the M-line and helps to maintain filament alignment?

A

Titin

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14
Q

Which paranasal sinus lies inferior to the pituitary gland and sella turcica?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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15
Q

Where do gastric contractions begin?

A

In the gastric body

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16
Q

How frequently does the large intestine contract?

A

Around once every 30 minutes

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17
Q

How long does ingested food stay in the large intestine before it’s excreted?

A

18-24 hours

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18
Q

Which artery, sympathetic nerve, and parasympathetic nerve supply to midgut?

A

Artery: Inferior mesenteric
Sympathetic: Lesser splanchnic
Parasympathetic: Vagus

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19
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for converting Haem into biliverdin?

A

Haemoxygenase

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the gall bladder?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

21
Q

When bilirubin enters the terminal ileum it is reduced by a bacteria. What is the first main molecule it obtains?

A

Urobilinogen

22
Q

State four features of the blood-brain barrier

A
  1. Astrocytic end feet
  2. Pericytes
  3. Non fenestrated
  4. Tight junctions
23
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinating cells of the CNS

24
Q

What are microglia?

A

Resident macrophages of the CNS

25
Q

Name 2 structures that form the fibrous (outer) layer of the eye

A
  1. Sclera

2. Cornea

26
Q

Name 4 structures that form the vascular (middle) layer of the eye

A
  1. Pupil
  2. Iris
  3. Choroid
  4. Ciliary body
27
Q

Name 1 structure that forms the neural (inner) layer of the eye

A
  1. Retina
28
Q

What is the name of the part of the thalamus where the optic nerve synapses?

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

29
Q

The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe. What is the name of the sulcus that it is located near?

A

The calcarine sulcus

30
Q

In which part of the brain is the olfactory cortex located?

A

Uncus

31
Q

Which foramen separates the middle ear from the scala tympani?

A

Round window

32
Q

Which foramen separates the middle ear from the scala vestibuli?

A

Oval window

33
Q

Name the 3 arteries that are found in the spermatic cord

A
  1. Testicular artery
  2. Cremasteric artery
  3. Artery to the Vas Deferens
34
Q

Name the nerves that are found in the spermatic cord

A
  1. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
  2. Cremasteric nerve
  3. Sympathetic nerve fibres
35
Q

Name the other structures in the spermatic cord

A
  1. Vas Deferens
  2. Pampiniform plexus of veins
  3. Lymphatic vessels
36
Q

What does the left gonadal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

37
Q

What does the right gonadal vein drain into?

A

The inferior vena cava

38
Q

Which nerve, providing sense to the inner thigh, runs behind the ovary?

A

Obturator nerve

39
Q

What hormone is released by the Graafian follicle?

A

Oestrogen

40
Q

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone (main one) and oestrogen

41
Q

What is the name of the male gamete that has undergone meiosis 1 and is about to undergo meiosis 2?

A

Secondary spermatocyte

42
Q

What is the epithelium in the proximal part of the urethra?

A

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

43
Q

What is the epithelium in the distal part of the urethra?

A

Stratified squamous

44
Q

In which region of the bladder does the start of the urethra lie?

A

Trigone

45
Q

What structures do the Wolffian ducts form?

A

Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles

46
Q

Name 2 sesamoid bones

A

Patella and pisiform bone of wrist

47
Q

What cells secrete osteoprogesterin?

A

Osteoblasts

48
Q

What are the four stages of Glaser & Strauss “Awareness of Dying”?

A
  1. Closed awareness
  2. Suspicion awareness
  3. Mutual pretence
  4. Open awareness

mocks (17 decks)

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