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Sensation and perception > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound

A

a wave that consists of areas of high pressure and low pressure, caused by the movement of air molecules caused buy the sound wave

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2
Q

high pressure

A

compression

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3
Q

low pressure

A

rarefaction

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4
Q

cycle time

A

time between compressions

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5
Q

perceptual phenomenon associated with frequency

A

pitch

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6
Q

perceptual phenomenon associated with amplitude

A

loudness (decibels)

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7
Q

perceptual phenomenon associated with complexity

A

timbre (quality of the sound)

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8
Q

what is hertz

A

number of waves per second

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9
Q

low wavelength=

A

low frequency, low pitch

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10
Q

typical human hearing range

A

20-20,000 Hz

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11
Q

short wavelength=

A

high frequency, higher pitch

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12
Q

infrasound

A

lower frequency

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13
Q

high frequency

A

ultrasound

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14
Q

high amplitude

A

loud

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15
Q

small amplitude

A

quiet

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16
Q

decibel scale

A

designed to correspond to human hearing

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17
Q

0 in decibel scale

A

threshold in human hearing

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18
Q

what is higher? Threshold of pain for hearing, or threshold of damage for hearing?

A

threshold of pain

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19
Q

complex wave components

A

fundamental frequency and harmonics

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20
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the wavelength of the longest component

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21
Q

what doe the fundamental frequency determine?

A

the pitch of teh sound

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22
Q

what do the harmonics determine?

A

the timbre and sound quality

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23
Q

purpose of the outer ear

A

to channel sound into our auditory canal
can amplify the sound a bit
protects auditory canal from particles etc in the environment

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24
Q

what is the eardrum

A

a membrane that vibrates when hit by sound drums

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25
Q

transduction of sound wave to … on the eardrum

A

mechanical energy

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26
Q

vestibular system

A

made of three semicircular canals

for balance

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27
Q

what liquid fills the vestibular canals

A

endolymph

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28
Q

how does vestibular system translate movement to the brain

A

when your head moves, endolymph moves in the vestibular canal
causes cupula to move
movement of cupula causes nerves to send a signal to the brain

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29
Q

Physical definition of sound

A

Pressure changed in the air or other medium

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30
Q

Perceptual definition of sound

A

The experience we have when we hear

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31
Q

What mediums can transmit sounds?

A

Elastic mediums

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32
Q

Pure tone

A

Occurs when changes in air pressure occur as a pattern described by sine wave

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33
Q

Sound frequency

A

The number of cycles per second that change the pressure in repeats

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34
Q

Use of decibels

A

To shrink large ranges of pressures

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35
Q

What is Po usually set as? Why?

A

20 micropascals

The pressure near hearing threshold for a 1000 Hz tone

36
Q

First harmonic

A

Pure tone with frequency equal to the fundamental frequency

37
Q

Higher harmonics

A

Pure tones with frequencies that are while number multiples of the fundamental frequency

38
Q

Three tasks of the auditory system

A

1) Delivers sound stimulus to the receptors
2) Transduces the stimulus from pressure changes into electrical signals
3) Processes electrical signals so they can indicate qualities of the sound source

39
Q

Pinnae

A

Structures that stick out from the sides of the head

40
Q

Outer ear consists of

A

Auditory canal and pinnae

41
Q

Auditory canal

A

Tubelike recess, about 3cm long in adults

42
Q

What does the auditory canal do?

A

1) Along with wax’ protects the tympanic membrane at the end of the canal, and helps keep it and middle ear structures at a relatively constant temperature
2) enhance intensities of some sounds via resonance

43
Q

Resonance

A

Sounds waves that are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal interact with the sound waves that are entering the canal

44
Q

Resonant frequency

A

The frequency reinforced by resonance

45
Q

Middle ear

A

Small cavity that separates the outer and inner ears, contains the ossicles and middle ear muscles

46
Q

What are the ossicles

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

47
Q

Transmission of vibration from outer ear to middle ear, in order

A

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes

48
Q

How does stapes transmit vibrations to the inner ear

A

Pushing on the membrane covering the oval window

49
Q

Why are ossicles necessary?

A

Liquid in inner ear, air in outer ear. Air to liquid would result in poor transmission of vibration as the liquid is much denser

1) concentrated vibration of the large tympanic membrane onto the smaller stapes
2) being hinged to create a lever action, so that pushing down on the long end makes in possible to lift a heavy weight on the short end

50
Q

Purpose of middle ear muscles

A

At very high sound levels they contract to dampen the ossicles vibration

1) reduces the transmission of low-frequency sounds
2) prevents intense low frequency components from interfering with our perception of high frequencies

May stop out own vocalisations and sounds from chewing interfering with our perception of speech

51
Q

Main structure of inner ear

A

Fluid filled cochlea

52
Q

Cochlear partition

A

Separated the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli in the cochlear

53
Q

What does the cochlear partition contain

A

Organ of corti, which has hair cells

54
Q

Two membranes extending the length of the cochlear

A

Basilar membrane and tectorial membrane

55
Q

Stereocilia

A

Processes at the tips of hair cells that bend in response to pressure changes

56
Q

How many towns of inner he air cells does the human ear contain

A

One

57
Q

How many towns of outer hair cells does the human ear contain

A

3

58
Q

What stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane?

A

The tallest row of outer hair cells

59
Q

Where do hair cells in the organ of corti detect vibrations from?

A

The basilar membrane

60
Q

What are the main receptors responsible for generating signals that are sent to the cortex in auditory nerve fibres?

A

Inner hair cells

61
Q

What results from the electrical signal in hair cells

A

Neurotransmitter release at the synapse separating inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibres, causing auditory nerve fibres to fire

62
Q

Hair cells are activated when

A

Pressure increases

63
Q

Hair cells are inactivated when

A

Pressure decreases

64
Q

Tonotopic

A

Hair cells respond preferentially to a particular frequency

65
Q

How far is tonotopic auditory organisation maintained?

A

As far as the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Neurones next to one another respond to neighbouring frequencies

66
Q

What does the equal loudness curve demonstrate

A

Low frequency sounds need to be more intense to be perceived as equally loud

67
Q

What is the head shadow effect

A

Sound to the further ear is attenuated because the sound must travel more distance and diffuse around the head

68
Q

Location cues

A

Information created by the way sound interacts with the listeners head and ears

69
Q

Two kinds of location cues

A

Binaural cues and spectral cues

70
Q

Binaural cues

A

Depend on both ears

71
Q

Spectral cues

A

Depend on one ear

72
Q

Binaural cues determine the …. of sounds

A

Azimuth (left to right)

73
Q

Two binaural cues

A

Interneural level difference and interneural time difference

74
Q

Interaural level difference

A

Based in difference in the sound pressure level of the sound reaching each ear, caused by the acoustic shadow (head shadow)
Reduction of intensity of high frequency sounds to the far ear

75
Q

Interaural time difference

A

Time difference between when a sound reaches the right and lest ear

76
Q

What makes ITD larger

A

As the source is located more to the side

77
Q

When will ITD be 0

A

When the source is located equidistant to each ear

78
Q

What is b cue is most useful for determining location of high frequency sounds?

A

ILD

79
Q

What is b cue is most useful for determining location of low frequency sounds?

A

ITD

80
Q

Elevation

A

Up down

81
Q

Azimuth

A

Left right

82
Q

Cone of confusion

A

Elevation can be hard to determine as ITD and ILD can be the same at a number of different elevations

83
Q

What helps us determine localisation in elevation

A

Spectral cues

84
Q

How is elevation determined (spectral cue)

A

By difference in the distribution of frequencies that reach the ear from different locations.

Caused by: auditory stimulus is reflected from various folds of the pinnae before it enters the auditory canal

85
Q

Auditory streaming

A

Stimuli grouped into streams by proximity in:
Space
Time
Frequency

Sensation and perception (12 decks)

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