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Skin Care > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

Groups of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body.

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2
Q

What do the endocrine or ductless glands produce?

A

They produce chemicals called hormones.
-These hormones enter the bloodstream and are transported to all parts of the body to control body functions and maintain homeostasis.

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemicals messengers communicating instructions to other cells of the body.

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The balance or consistency of the internal function of the body.

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5
Q

What does the Hypothalamus control with the nervous system?

A

Secretions of hormones

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6
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

A 
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain

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8
Q

What is referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland

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9
Q

Describe the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland:

A
  • Secretes hormones that govern hormonal secretion of other endocrine glands
  • it produces hormones that affect the adrenal glands, thyroid gland and gonads
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10
Q

Name a type of hormone the pituitary gland produces and describe its function:

A

It produces GROWTH HORMONE which simulates growth of bones, muscles and organs

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11
Q

What else does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Prolactin- enhances breast tissue growth and milk production
Oxytocin- triggers contraction of the uterus in labour and childbirth
Antidiuretic hormone- regulates water balance in the body

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12
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland located?

A

In the anterior neck, in two lobes that lie on either side of the trachea (throat)

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13
Q

What type of hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroid hormones

  • require iodine for their production
  • regulate metabolic activity and serve as a general pacemaker for the body
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14
Q

What else do the thyroid gland produce?

A

Calcitonin- regulates the amount of calcium in the blood and maintains healthy bones

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15
Q

Where are the Parathyroid glands located?

A

There are 4 parathyroid glands and are attached to the thyroid

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16
Q

What hormone do the Parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone- helps maintain balance of calcium to maintain healthy bones and body tissues

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17
Q

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

A

Attached to the upper portion of each kidney

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18
Q

What 3 TYPES/ categories of hormones do the Adrenal glands secrete?

A

Three types of steroid hormones called corticosteroids

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19
Q

List the corticosteroid hormones secreted by the Adrenal glands:

A
  1. Sex hormones (estrogens and androgens)- maintain secondary sex characteristics such as breast development in women and facial hair in men
  2. Mineralocorticoids- regulate electrolyte balance
  3. Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
    - help promote normal metabolism
    - promote resistance to stress
    - counter inflammatory response
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20
Q

What does the Adrenal gland produce that invokes the “flight or fight” response?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine - responsible for fight or flight response to stress

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21
Q

What is the most important function of Norepinephrine (produced by the Adrenal glands)

A

Elevate blood pressure

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22
Q

Where is the Pancreas located?

A

Posterior to the stomach, and beneath the liver

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23
Q

What is the function of the Pancreas?

A
  • functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland

- has important role in digestion and regulations of blood sugar level

24
Q

What is the Exocrine function?

A

-to produce digestive secretions which flow into the small intestine to help digest food

25
Q

What is the Endocrine function?

A

-to produce glucagon and insulin, which regulate blood sugar levels in the body

26
Q

Where are the Ovaries located?

A

The ovaries are two oval glands located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus.

27
Q

What do the Ovaries produce?

A

They produce the female sex cell: the ovum (egg)

28
Q

Which two hormones do the Ovaries produce? What is their important role/ function?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

  • responsible for the development of female sex characteristics and the regulation of menstrual cycle
  • both hormones play an important role in preparing the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg, in maintaining pregnancy and promoting growth of the placenta
29
Q

Where are the Testes located?

A

Two oval glands that lie in the scrotum

30
Q

What do the Testes produce?

A

Spermatozoa- male sex cells

Testosterone- controls sexual development and reproductive function

31
Q

These malfunctions may be congenital or may result from a tumour…..

A

Pathologies of the pituitary gland

32
Q

Malfunction of the pituitary gland in producing growth hormone may result in what?

A

Too much or too little growth

33
Q

What does growth hormone deficiency cause?

A

Will cause a person to be shorter than average (dwarfism)

34
Q

What does excessive production of growth hormone before puberty cause?

A

Excessive skeletal growth and results in Gigantism.

35
Q

What results from excessive growth hormone in adulthood?

A

Acromegaly- characterized by enlarged features, particularly of the face, hands and extremities.
-There are also negative effects on the heart.

36
Q

What is Goiter? (Pathologies of the thyroid gland)

A
  • enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet (salt).
  • May also result from inflammation, infection, tumour , or malfunction of the thyroid gland.
37
Q

What is Hypothyroidism? (Pathologies of the thyroid gland)

A

-decreased function of the thyroid gland produces a decrease in metabolic rate, fluid retention, obesity and fatigue.

38
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism? (Pathologies of the thyroid gland)

A
  • increased function of the thyroid
  • increased metabolic rate,
  • nervousness,
  • constant hunger,
  • palpitations, weight loss
  • and fatigue.
  • Graves disease, which may cause hyperthyroidism causes protrusion of the eyeballs.
39
Q

What are the two pathologies of the Parathyroid glands?

A

Over activity and under activity of the parathyroid glands

40
Q

What does over activity of the parathyroid gland result in?

A

-high levels of calcium in the blood and demineralization of the bones

41
Q

What does under activity of the parathyroid gland result in?

A

-low levels of calcium in the blood and causes muscles twitching and spasms known as tetany.

42
Q

What is Addison’s disease? (Pathologies of the adrenal glands)

A
  • usually caused by autoimmune destruction (decreased cortisol production)
  • chronic disorder that requires lifetime hormone replacement therapy.
  • causes decreased cardiac output, low blood pressure, dehydration, weakness and fatigue
  • causes hyperpigmentation of the skin which causes a bronzed suntanned look.
  • gums become bluish black
  • weakened immune system
43
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome (hormone excess)?

A
  • Refers to increase in cortisol from any cause
  • May be decreased ability for the body to heal
  • The major symptoms are altered fat metabolism causing protruding abdomen, fat pads on the back, buffalo hump, and a round moon face
  • There is increased facial hair, and thinning of scalp hair
  • decreased mentrual periods in women
  • decreased testosterone in men
  • may occur spontaneously or may be caused by a tumour
44
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus? (Pathologies of the pancreas)

A
  • Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
  • primarily a result of a deficiency or complete lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, or of defects of the insulin receptors in cells
45
Q

Describe Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: (pathologies of the pancreas)

A
  • onset usually in children and adolescents
  • genetic predisposition to the disorder
  • cells of pancreas do not produce insulin- person affected must take insulin by injection for the rest of their life
  • lack of insulin causes increase in blood sugar and a breakdown of body fats and proteins
46
Q

Describe type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: (pathologies of the pancreas)

A
  • results from impaired ability of the tissues to use insulin, accompanied by decrease of insulin
  • Usually occurs in mid-life
  • approx 80% of persons with type 2 diabetes are overweight
  • changes in diet and increase in exercise is important for people with type 2 diabetes
47
Q

Describe Gestational Diabetes: (pathologies of the pancreas)

A
  • occurs during pregnancy
  • most frequently effects women with family history of diabetes, have had a very large baby, who are older, or who have had several pregnancies
  • These women require nutritional guidance during their pregnancy to protect the health of the fetus
  • Women who have gestational diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes 5-10 years after delivery
48
Q

List the symptoms of Diabetes:

A

Type 1- Usually has rapid onset
Type 2- Usually develops more slowly and is often detected during a routine medical examination

Symptoms include:

  • excessive urination
  • excessive thirst
  • excessive hunger
  • blurred vision
  • fatigue
  • parethesia (numbness and tingling of extremities)
  • skin infections
49
Q

Describe treatment for Diabetes:

A
  • nutritional counselling to maintain an appropriate diet
  • regular exercise
  • People with type 1 diabetes must balance their insulin, food intake and exercise carefully
50
Q

List and describe precautions and contraindications to Esthetic services when it comes to Diabetes:

A
  • Clients with diabetes can experience a sudden drop in blood sugar levels, causing them to feel dizzy or light headed, particularly after a lengthy service or having several services in a row
  • A diabetic client should be encouraged to have appropriate snacks or juice handy and should be given time between services to eat these snacks
51
Q

List and describe precautions and contraindications to Esthetic services when it comes to Diabetes feet:

A
  • Diabetics tend to have decreased circulation to the extremities, especially the feet
  • they may also have peripheral neuropathies (decreased function of the sensory nerves) especially to the feet (meaning they will not have normal sensation in the feet
  • no extremes in temperature should be used on the feet (hot or cold)
52
Q

List and describe precautions and contraindications to Esthetic services when it comes to Diabetes (healing wounds)

A
  • caused by decreased circulation
  • feet should be checked carefully for any sores or cracks
  • no oils should be used if sores or cracks are present
  • must be extremely careful to avoid any chance of infection
  • extreme care must be taken when performing pedicures so that the skin is not damaged
53
Q

What is Hyperglycemia (low blood sugar) 2/2 (pathologies of pancreas)

A
  • occurs from a relative excess of insulin in the blood, which causes below-normal blood sugar levels
  • this can occur with diabetic who have taken too much insulin, failed to eat, increased excercise, or in some other way changed their routine
  • non-diabetics can have bouts of hyperglycemia, particularly if you skip a meal or do not eat at regular times
  • They may feel shaky, headachy, faint or emotional
  • These people need to eat regular, well balanced meals and avoid over-consumption of sugar.
  • May be prone to developing type 2 diabetes in mid-life if nutrition is not well managed
54
Q

What is Amenorrhea (pathologies of the ovaries)

A
  • dysfunction of mentrual cycles
  • a decrease of mentruation after the age of 16 years
  • caused by lack of hormones for various reasons
55
Q

What is Dysmenorrhea (pathologies of the ovaries)

A

Painful period- menstruation

56
Q

What is Dysmenorrhea (causes)? (Pathologies of the ovaries)

A
  • may be caused by specific organic conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic adhesions or pelvic inflammatory disease
  • some menstrual discomfort (primary dysmenorrhea) is not associated with any pathology
  • Cancer can be found in the ovaries, as in any organ

Skin Care (22 decks)

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