Classical/Operant Conditioning

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

‘Learning by association’ – people learn to associate a particular response with a particular stimulus

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

A stimulus that causes a natural/automatic response

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

An unlearned response that occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus that doesn’t normally cause a reaction

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A stimulus that causes a response that is learned

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral

Question 7

Pavlov’s Experiment - Before conditioning, during conditioning, after conditioning

Answer 7

Before
Food (UCS) = Salivation
Bell (NS) = No salivation resposne

During Conditioning
Food (UCS) + Bell (NS) = Salivation

After Conditioning
Bell (CS) = Salivation

Question 8

Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour

Question 9

Operant Conditioning Psychologist

Answer 9

B.F. Skinner

Question 10

Behaviour shaping

Answer 10

Procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward the desired behaviour

Question 11

Positive reinforcement

Answer 11

Addition of pleasant stimulus to increase/maintain behaviour

Question 12

Negative reinforcement

Answer 12

Removal of aversive stimulus to increase/maintain behaviour

Question 13

Positive punishment

Answer 13

Addition of aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour

Question 14

Negative punishment

Answer 14

Removal of pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour

Question 15

Behaviour modification

Answer 15

Application of classical and operant conditioning techniques to modify/change an unwanted behaviour

Question 16

Skinner’s Box

Answer 16

A chamber used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals. Chamber contains a bar or key that an animal can operate for food or water as a reinforcer

Question 17

Factors Effecting Reinforcement and Punishment

Answer 17

Order of presentation (reinforcement needs to occur after the response)

Timing (reinforcement needs to occur soon after)

Appropiateness of the reinforcer (must provide a pleasing satisfying consequence)

Question 18

Primary and Secondary Reinforces

Answer 18

Primary - innately reforcing e.g., food
Secondary - things that are learnt e.g., money

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Observational learning takes place when a new behaviour is learned or modified as a result of watching others and copying their behaviours, or after watching the consequences of the behaviour of others