C8 Chemical analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only one type of atom

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements chemically joined together

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3
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that are mixed up but NOT chemically joined together

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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of an element which is still definitely from that element (electrons for example are identical no matter which type of atom they come from).

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5
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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6
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

Elements are pure substances as they contain only one type of atom but so are compounds if they are not mixed with anything else.

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7
Q

How can melting points and boiling points be used to determine the purity of a substance?

A

Pure substances have a fixed melting point and boiling point. For example, pure water boils at 100 degrees centigrade and melts at 0 degrees centigrade

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8
Q

What happens to the boiling point of a substance when an impurity is added?

A

The boiling point rises when an impurity is added. We can use this to make pasta cook faster by adding salt to the water - as the boiling point rises the water gets hotter and so the pasta cooks faster too.

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9
Q

What happens to the melting point of a substance when an impurity is added?

A

The melting point lowers when an impurity is added. We use this idea when we spread salt onto icy roads. The salt means that the ice will melt at a lower temperature (and also freeze at the same, lowered temperature). This means the ice will no longer be frozen and so will melt.

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10
Q

What is a formulation?

A

A formulation is a mixture that has been designed as a useful product.

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11
Q

What types of substances are made to a formulation?

A

Formulations include fuels, cleaning agents, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and foods.

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12
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Chromatography is a process used to separate mixtures and can give information to help identify substances. See here for more details

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13
Q

Give two examples of substances that can be identified using chromatography.

A
  1. coloured inks in a mixture of coloured inks 2. It is used in the sequencing of DNA and RNA
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14
Q

What is an Rf value?

A

The Rf value is the ratio of the distance moved by a compound (centre of spot from origin) to the distance moved by the solvent. Different compounds have different Rf values in different solvents, which can be used to help identify the compounds.

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15
Q

What is the formula for an Rf value?

A

Rf value = distance moved by substance

distance moved by solvent

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16
Q

What is the test for hydrogen gas?

A

The squeaky pop test. This is carried out by collecting a tube of gas and then holding a flame close to the end of the tube - if the tube contains hydrogen it will burn with a a squeaky pop. Watch this short video to see and hear it

17
Q

What is the test for oxygen gas?

A

Oxygen will relight a glowing wooden splint. This means if you have a tube you suspect contains oxygen you should light a splint, blow it out and put the glowing embers into the tube. If they relight it is oxygen (watch this test here)

18
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide gas?

A

This is the limewater test. Bubble the gas through limewater and if it goes cloudy / milky it is limewater (The cloudiness is a precipitate of calcium carbonate). Watch this test here

19
Q

What is the test for chlorine gas?

A

Put damp, blue litmus paper into the gas. If the litmus paper turns red and then bleaches to white it was chlorine gas - watch this test here.

20
Q

What colour does the flame go when testing lithium compounds?

A

crimson like this:

21
Q

What colour does the flame go when testing copper compounds?

A

green - like this:

22
Q

What colour does the flame go when testing potassium compounds?

A

lilac like this:

23
Q

What colour does the flame go when testing sodium compounds?

A

Yellow - like this:

24
Q

What colour does the flame go when testing calcium compounds?

A

Orange-Red - like this:

25
Q

What solution is used to test for metal hydroxides?

A

sodium hydroxide. It is added to a solution containing metal ions and the precipitate formed (if any) can help to identify the metal ions present.

26
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing aluminium ions? Does it redissolve when excess sodium hydroxide is added?

A

white and yes it does redissolve

27
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing calcium ions? Does it redissolve when excess sodium hydroxide is added?

A

white and no, it does not redissolve

28
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing magnesium ions? Does it redissolve when excess sodium hydroxide is added?

A

white and no, it does not redissolve

29
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing copper (II) ions?

A

blue

30
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing iron (II) ions?

A

green

31
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing iron (III) ions?

A

brown

32
Q

How do you test for carbonate anions?

A

Add dilute acid. If there is a gas produced test it to see if it is carbon dioxide using limewater (turns milky / cloudy if it is carbon dioxide).

If there was carbon dioxide given off the substance had carbonate anions present.

33
Q

How do you test for sulfate anions?

A

Add barium chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate of barium sulfate shows you had sulfate ions present.

34
Q

How to you test for halide ions?

A

Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate. Each halide gives a different colour precipitate:

chloride - white

bromide - cream

iodide - yellow

35
Q

Why are instrumental methods such as flame emission spectroscopy better than manual methods such as flame tests?

A

Instrumental methods are accurate, sensitive and rapid

36
Q

What is flame emission spectroscopy?

A

Flame emission spectroscopy is an example of an instrumental method used to analyse metal ions in solutions.

37
Q

How does flame emission spectroscopy work?

A

The sample is put into a flame and the light given out is passed through a spectroscope. The output is a line spectrum that can be analysed to identify the metal ions in the solution and measure their concentrations.