External- Cultural Deprivation

Question 1

What did the centre of longitudinal studies find in 2007?

Answer 1

Found children aged 3 from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind those from more privileged backgrounds. This gap only widens with age.

Question 2

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 2

Children lacking cultural equipment needed to do well at school. The lack of such equipment leads to underachievement.

Question 3

What are the three aspects of cultural deprivation?

Answer 3

Language, Parents Education and WC Subculture.

Question 4

For language (CD), what did Hubbs- Tait et al’s research find?

Answer 4

How parents use language affects cognitive development.

Question 5

For language (CD), what did Feinstein suggest?

Answer 5

That the way MC parents use challenging language and praise encourages children to develop a sense of their own competence.

Question 6

For language (CD), what did Bereiter and Engelmann say about language in lower class homes?

Answer 6

It is deficient. Many communicate through hand gestures and single words/ disjointed figures. Unable to develop necessary language skills. They are incapable of abstract thinking- cannot use language to explain, describe, enquire or compare.

Question 7

Who identified speech codes?

Answer 7

Bernstein

Question 8

What are the two speech codes identified by Bernstein?

Answer 8

Elaborated and Restricted

Question 9

What is the elaborated code?

Answer 9

Typically MC, context free, complex sentences and wel developed vocabulary

Question 10

What is the restricted code?

Answer 10

Typically WC, context bound, simple/short sentences and limited vocabulary.

Question 11

For Bernstein, what are language codes a consequence of?

Answer 11

Occupations of the different social classes that have a significant impact on education.

Question 12

What does Bernstein argue about WC pupils and their deprivation?

Answer 12

That they are culturally deprived at home but school itself also fails to teach them the elaborated code- leading to failure.

Question 13

Where is the elaborated code used in the education system? Why is this important?

Answer 13

It is used by teachers, textbooks and exam papers which gives the MC an advantage.

Question 14

What are the 4 factors within parents education?

Answer 14

1. Parenting style. 2. Parents educational behaviour 3. Use of income 4. Class, income and parental education

Question 15

What does Feinstein argue about parents education?

Answer 15

It is the most important factor affecting a child’s achievement.

Question 16

How does parenting style affect achievement?

Answer 16

Douglas- WC parents place less value on education. Educated parents emphasise discipline and high expectations which encourages active learning and exploration. Less educated parents have a harsh and inconsistent parenting style which prevent independence and self control. This then affects motivation and teacher interactions negatively.

Question 17

How do parents educational behaviours affect achievement?

Answer 17

Educated parents are aware of what is needed to assist their child’s educational progress (reading, teaching letters/ numbers, helping with HW). They can also get expert advice on child rearing, build better relationships with teachers and guide interactions through school. They also recognise the value of museums and libraries.

Question 18

How does the use of income affect educational achievement?

Answer 18

MC parents tend to have a higher income and can spend it in ways to promote educational progress. Bernstein and Young found MC parents are more likely to buy books/ toys that encourage reasoning skills and stimuate educational development. They also understand importance of nutrition and can afford more nutritious foods.

Question 19

How does class, income and parents education affect educational achievement?

Answer 19

Parents education has an influence on achievement regardless of class. Within a social class, better educated parents- children are more successful. This may explain why not all MC do well and not all WC do bad.

Question 20

What is reflected in subcultural values of the WC?

Answer 20

Lack of parental interest.

Question 21

Who identified the 4 WC subcultures?

Answer 21

Sugarman

Question 22

What are the 4 WC subcultures? And what do they mean?

Answer 22

Fatalism- whatever will be, will be
Collectivism- valuing being part of a group more than individual success
Immediate Gratification- seeking pleasure now
Present time orientation- seeing today as more important than tomorrow

Question 23

How does compensatory education aim to tackle cultural deprivation?

Answer 23

Provides extra resources to schools/ communities in deprived areas. It intervenes at an early stage of socialisation to compensate for deprivation at home (Examples= EAZ’s EPA’s and Sure Start). Today pupil premium is used (extra money given to school to provide extra resources to children from disadvantaged backgrounds).

Question 24

Who argues cultural deprivation is a myth? Explain what she means by this.

Answer 24

Nell Keddie sees it as victim blaming. She argues that children cannot be deprived of their own culture- they are just culturally different. They fail because they are put at a disadvantage by the education system dominated by MC values. She argues that school should recognise and build on its strengths while challenging teachers anti-WC prejudices.

Question 25

Evaluation of cultural deprivation- what do Troyna and Williams argue?

Answer 25

That the problem isn’t pupils language but schools attitudes towards it. Teachers have a speech hierarchy: MC first, followed by WC and then finally black speech.