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Trimester 7 > x-ray procedures exam 1 > Flashcards

x-ray procedures exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define radiology?

  • *what is A-B- E of body image?**
  • *what is A and B of hand image?**
  • *what is the central most portion of the x-ray beam?**
  • *what restricts the x-ray beam to the area of interest using lead shutters in tube?**
  • *the _____ position refers to an angle in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal plane are perpendicular to the image receptor**
A
  • the process and procedure of producing a radiographic image
  • E- posterior surface/ dorsal- B- midsagittal- A- anterior surface/ ventral
  • A= dorsal posterior/ B- palmar anterior
  • central ray or CR
  • collimation
  • oblique
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2
Q
A

LAO- left anterior oblique

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3
Q
A

LPO Left posterior oblique

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4
Q
A

RPO- right posterior oblique

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5
Q
A

RAO- right anterior oblique

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6
Q
  • *this term refers to the center or midline?**
  • *this term meaning toward the head end of the body?**
  • *this term meaning away from the head end of the body?**
  • *the three minimum projections generally taken for joint studies?**
  • *define term bucky?**
  • *what is SID**
  • *what is OID**
A
  • medial
  • cephalad
  • caudad
  • AP or PA, Oblique, lateral
  • used for table or wall mounted xray systems and holds the xray cassette and grid
  • the source to image receptor distance (generally 40 and 72 inches)
  • the object to image receptor distance
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7
Q

for AP axial C-spine

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is C4
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8
Q

Lateral C-spine

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 60-72 inches
  • CR is C4
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9
Q

AP odontoid C-spine

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is perpendicular to IR- directed through center of open mouth
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10
Q

Oblique C-Spine

What is SID?

What is CR?

A
  • SID is 40-72 inches
  • CR is 15 degrees caudal if RAO/LAO to C4 / 15 degrees cephalad if RPO/LPO to C4
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11
Q

A-P T-spine

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is T-7- 3-4 inches below jugular notch
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12
Q

Oblique T-spine

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is inches
  • CR is T7
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13
Q

Lateral T-spine

what is the SID?

what is the CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is T7
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14
Q

A-P Lumbar spine

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is 14”X17” CR is directed mid sag. at iliac crest
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15
Q

Lateral Lumbar Spine

What is SID?

What is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is to the iliac crest or 1.5” above crest
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16
Q

Oblique T-spine

What is SID?

What is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is T7
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17
Q

P-A chest

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 72 inches
  • CR is approx. T7
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18
Q

Lateral Chest

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 72 inches
  • CR is approx T7
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19
Q

Swimmer lateral

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 60-72 inches
  • CR is T1 about an inch above the jugular notch
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20
Q

L5-S1 spot

what is SID?

what is CR?

A
  • SID is 40 inches
  • CR is perpendicular to IR, 2.5 inches inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS
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21
Q

what anatomy is seen at lateral Lumbar spine?

A

IVF

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22
Q

what anatomy is seen at oblique lumbar spine

A

zygopophyseal joints

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23
Q

what anatomy is seen at lateral cervical spine

A

zygopophyseal joints

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24
Q

what anatomy is seen at oblique cervical spine

A

intervertebral foramina

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25
Q

what anatomy is seen at lateral thoracic spine?

A
  • IVF
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26
Q

what anatomy is seen at oblique thoracic spine

A

zygapophyseal joints

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27
Q

what is degree of rotation for oblique lumbar spine- demonstrating upper vertebral L1-L2 zjoints>

A

50 degrees

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28
Q

what is degree of rotation for oblique Lumbar spine demonstrating lower vertebra L4-L5 zjoints?

A

30 degrees

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29
Q

what is degree of rotation for oblique Lumbar spine demonstrating general/average survey of L1-L5?

A

45 degrees

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30
Q

what is degree of rotation for oblique thoracic spine?

A

70 degrees

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31
Q

what is the degree of rotation for oblique cervical spine?

A

45 degrees

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32
Q

what direct and degree of angulation for the xray tube when acquiring projections for - RAO cervical spine?

A

15 degrees- caudal

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33
Q

what direct and degree of angulation for the xray tube when acquiring projections for - LAO cervical spine

A

15 degrees caudal

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34
Q

what direct and degree of angulation for the xray tube when acquiring projections for - RPO Cervical spine

A

15 degrees cephalad

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35
Q

what direct and degree of angulation for the xray tube when acquiring projections for - LPO Cervical spine

A

15 degrees cephalad

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36
Q

what is the CR angulation and direction for an A-P L5-S1 view for a male patient?

A

30 degrees

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37
Q

what is the CR angulation and direction for an A-P L5-S1 view for a female patient?

A

35 degrees

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38
Q

what can be done to prevent sagging of the spine in a lateral thoracic or lumbar positions?

A

you can place a block- wedge- sponge under the lumbar spine

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39
Q

what direction and degree of angulation may be necessary on a lateral L5-S1 projection if there is not appropriate support under the waist?

A

5-8 degrees caudal

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40
Q
A

RAO

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41
Q
A

LPO

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42
Q
A

-LAO

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43
Q
A

RPO

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44
Q

what z-joints are demonstrated in the following?

RAO lumbar spine

A

upside/left

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45
Q

what z-joints are demonstrated in the following?

LPO Lumbar spine

A

downside/left

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46
Q

what z-joints are demonstrated in the following?

LAO lumbar spine

A

upside/right

47
Q

what z-joints are demonstrated in the following?

RPO lumbar spine

A

downside - right

48
Q

What IVF are demonstrated in the following?

RAO cervical spine

A

right

49
Q

What IVF are demonstrated in the following?

LPO cervical spine

A

right

50
Q

What IVF are demonstrated in the following?

LAO cervical spine

A

left

51
Q

What IVF are demonstrated in the following?

RPO cervical spine

A

left

52
Q

what is the interiliac line?

A

line between iliac crest in the lateral L5-S1 view

53
Q

define caudad

A

toward the feet

54
Q

define cephalad

A

toward the head

55
Q

what is radiography?

what is radiograph?

what is the difference between radiograph and x-ray film?

what is a radiographic procedure?

A
  • the process and procedure of producing the image
  • the image produced by the action of x-rays on the image receptor
  • difference is the radiograph is the image produced- the xray film is the physical piece of material in which the image is formed
  • examination
56
Q

what is this position ?

A

anatomic position

57
Q

what is a central ray CR?

what is image receptor IR?

what are anatomical markers?

what is collimation- ?

A
58
Q

what does PA projection refer to?

A

-posteroanterior projections refers to a projection of the CR that enters from posterior aspect to the anterior aspect

59
Q

what does AP projection refer to?

A

-anteroposterior projections refers to a projections of the CR that enters the anterior aspect and exits the posterior aspect.

60
Q
A

PA projection of the foot with medial rotation

61
Q
A

PA projection of the hand with lateral rotation

62
Q

later projections are described by the path of the ______?

A

central ray

63
Q
A

lateromedial

64
Q
A

medilolateral

65
Q

these photos are of what position?

what does lateral position refer to?

what does specific lateral positions describe?

A
  • erect and recumbent lateral positions
  • the side or side view
  • describes the part closest to the image receptor
66
Q

what positions are these?

A

oblique position- part of body closes to IR

67
Q

angled or rotated position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal plane are perpendicular to the image receptor.

A

oblique positions

68
Q

the left posterior is closes to the IR

A

LPO

69
Q

the right posterior is closest to the IR

A

RPO

70
Q

the left anterior is closest to the IR

A

LAO

71
Q

the right anterior is closest to the IR

A

RAO

72
Q

refers to toward versus away from the center or midline

A

medial vs. lateral

73
Q
  • near the source or beginning
    • away from
A
  • proximal
  • distal
74
Q

toward the head end of the body

away from the head end of the body

A
  • cephalad
    • caudad
75
Q
A

caudad CR angle

76
Q
A

cephalad cr angle

77
Q

what are routine projections?

what are special projections?

how many projections are taken- what is the general rule?

as a general rule what is the minimum?

A
  • projections commonly taken on patients that can fully cooperate
  • projections that may be taken to better demonstrate specific anatomy or pathology or for patients that cannot cooperate fully
  • a minimum of two projections taken 90 degrees from each other are required
  • minimum of three especially skeletal joint- AP/PA lateral and oblique views
78
Q

what should you take minimum of two projections?

A
  • anatomic structures are superimposed
  • localization of lesions or foreign bodies
  • determination of alignment of fractures
79
Q

when should a min. of 3 projections be taken?

what are they?

A
  • when joints are in prime interest
  • AP or PA, lateral, oblique
80
Q

how many projections do long bones require?

A

two projections

81
Q
  • where is the film held?
  • what are the sizes?
  • what is a lead blocker?
  • does film require processing?
A
  • in cases- imaging plate where CR is
  • sizes are 8x10 inches, 10x12, 14x17, 14x36
    • lead blocker is a part of the cassette where name label will be placed toward the top
      • no it does not need processing
82
Q

what are lead blockers?

A

they are used to divide the film into sections so that you can obtain more than one radiograph on a piece of film

83
Q

does digital radiography require processing?

A

it does not require a separate processor, image displays immediately on a computer monitor

84
Q

how do you protect your patient when taking radiographs?

A
  • min. repeat radiographs
  • give clear instruction
    • make accurate positioning and exposure factors
85
Q

describe accurate collimation

A
  • close four-side collimation
      • one of the best ways to reduce patient exposure
86
Q

what are the types of collimators?

A
  • manual type
    • positive-beam limitation PBL
87
Q

what is bucky typically used for?

what does it hold?

who was inventor- what year?

A
  • used for table or wall mounted x-ray systems
  • it holds the x-ray cassette and grid
    • invented by gutav bucky in 1913
88
Q

what are divisions of the chest anatomy?

what is protective framework?

what systemis lungs and airways?

what is the space between lungs?

A
  • bony thorax/ resp.system/mediastinum
  • bony thorax
  • respiratory system
    • mediastinum
89
Q

bony thorax positioning landmarks

A
90
Q

body habitus

A
91
Q
A

PA chest

92
Q

PA projection

A
93
Q

what are the collimation guidelines?

A
94
Q

radiation protection?

A
95
Q

what is A-P?

A

x-ray enters anterior aspect- mitchell marker on either side of patient

96
Q

P-A

A

x-ray enters posterior aspect

mitchell marker on side closest to film

97
Q

lateral

A

x-ray enters lateral aspect

98
Q

oblique

A

part is at an angle

mitchell marker for side being x-rayed

99
Q

what is the 10 day rule?

establishe by?

purpose?

demographic?

area of the body?

A
  • established by international commision on radiological protection
  • purpose is to minimize potential for performing x-ray exams on pregnant women/ do abdominal , lumbar, perlvic x-ray exams only during 10 days following onset of menstruation
  • females of child bearing age
  • pertains to lumbar, hip, pelvis, sacrum, coccyx, abdomen
100
Q

what are the cassettes?

size?

locks?

lead blocker?

A
  • cases that hold film imaging place CR
  • sizes range from 8x10, 10,12, 14x17, 14,36
  • locks:on back side where you do not place the body part, tube side faces tube
  • lead blocker- where name label will be placed toward the top
101
Q

how do calipers measure?

what direction?

measure through what?

A
  • measure patient in centimeters
  • measure in direction of x-ray
  • ensure through center of central ray
102
Q

gonadal shielding-

what areas does this shield?

when is shielding used?

describe placement?

views?

A
  • shields ovaries- testes from x-ray
  • used when part of interest is within area of collimation or 5 cm or 2 inches off edge of collimation
  • placement covers pubic symphysis- use greater trochanter as landmark
  • views areA-P lumbar, A-P limbosacral spot, A-P pelvis, hip
103
Q

what does lead apron shield

what views?

A
  • shields unexposed body parts from stray x-rays
  • views-all extremities distal to shoulders and hips
104
Q

lead sheets/blockers- function?

A

-divides film into sections so that you can obtain more than one x-ray on a piece of film

105
Q

bucky function

types

views required

A
  • cassette goes into tray
  • types - wall bucky, table bucky, non-bucky- film goes on top of table bucky
  • some views required to be done standing, recumbent or can be done either way
106
Q

SID

what is AKA

what is function

what is standard SID?

A
  • SID- source ot image receptor distance- source is tube- image receptor is film
  • AKA is FFD- focal film distance
  • the distance between tube and film-
  • standard SID is 40 inches or 72 inches
107
Q

explain the tilt?

A
108
Q
A
109
Q
A
110
Q
A
111
Q
A
112
Q
A
113
Q
A

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