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germany > Weimar booklet > Flashcards

Weimar booklet Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 consequences of war?

A 
political 
economic 
social
Erzbergers peace resolution
Emergence of USPD
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2
Q

political consequences, what united the political parties?

A

Burgefriede 1914 was a political truce that passed laws to finance the war and all parties promised support

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3
Q

political consequences, what gave rise to Hindenburg and Ludendorff?

A

Victory at Tannenberg 1914 gave rise to Hindenburg and Ludendorf in the silent dictatorship, they only had to threaten to resign and they would get their way

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4
Q

political consequences, what did ASL do?

A

Silent Dictatorship meant that opportunities for peace were turned down, Auxiliary Service Law introduced 1916 which introduced mandatory conscription and Bethman eventually sacked 1917

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5
Q

political consequences, what increased international tensions?

A

through Zimmerman telegram 1917 which asked Mexico for military alliance if US joined war, also Germany sank US ship Lusitania 1915 pushed US into war

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6
Q

political consequences, what was a sign of German aggression?

A

Siegfriede 1917 was a sign of aggression with the Pan German League wanting a ‘victory peace’ where Germany would use powerful position to establish world power status (took on ideas of pan-German league)

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7
Q

political consequences, what made the dictatorship worse?

A

July crisis 1917 (Bethmann pushed Kaiser on calls for reform in Germany inspired by Russia’s democratic revolution), led to Bethmann being replaced by Michaelis who was weak and could be manipulated by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, gave them more power

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8
Q

economic consequences, what increased German arms production?

A

KRA oversaw raw materials getting to the German military, they intervened to stop the military crisis, within 6 months they had organised all essential materials (this was quite good)

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9
Q

economic consequences, what caused ford shortages?

A

blockade and large conscriptions meant able bodied workers were taken away from farming which caused food production shortages

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10
Q

economic consequences, what was part of the Hindenburg programme and militarised the population?

A

Auxiliary Service Law was the result of the Supreme Army Command determination to increase production by 1916, part of the Hindenburg programme which placed contracts in private hands to increase production

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11
Q

economic consequences, what mobilised the economy?

A

declaration of ‘total war’ used state power to mobilise economy however the country could not meet the military demands despite all the attempts

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12
Q

social consequences, what did infant mortality rates increase by?

A

Over the course of the war years, infant mortality rates increased by 50% by 1918

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13
Q

social consequences, how many workers striked?

A

by 1917 200,000 workers were on strike in Berlin due to bread rationing, shows the population are angry

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14
Q

social consequences, how many deaths were there from hypothermia?

A

civilian deaths due to starvation and hypothermia increased from 121,000 in 1916 to 293,000 in 1918, during the wars 750,000 died of starvation

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15
Q

social consequences, how many died due to Spanish flu?

A

1918 Europe was hit by the Spanish flu which killed between 20million to 40million, peoples resistance to disease was lowered by the declining living conditions

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16
Q

social consequences, what happened during turnip winter?

A

1916 was coined the ‘Turnip Winter’ due to meat shortages and exceptionally cold winter in 1916, people were forced to heavily rely on turnips (was animal feed, humiliating)

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17
Q

EPR, what did Erzberger initially do?

A

saw worsening state of Germany after Russian revolution, US entered war and other factors culminating in a political crisis with 1.5 million striking, so he conducted his own research into situation and he was concerned about strength of opposition

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18
Q

EPR, when did Erzberger voice concerns?

A

July 1917 Reistchag discussed extensions of war credits and Erzberger used this as an opportunity to voice concerns, made two speeches arguing for peace to end war

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19
Q

EPR, what was set up to draft peace resolution?

A

inter-party committee set up to draft a resolution and 19th July 1917 peace resolution approved with an 86-vote majority

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20
Q

EPR, what showed the silent dictatorship?

A

Military ignored Reistchag and instead said that peace had to ensure annexation of territories, 1918 there was a strong anti-peace resolution message which strengthened military dictatorship
(SPD largest party by 1912, represented workers and they were being ignored)

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21
Q

USPD, why did a faction of the SPD feel annoyed?

A

December 1915 growing feeling in the SPD about them still supporting the war, 1915 vote on war credits 20 members voted against the it and against party lines

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22
Q

USPD, who resigned from SPD first?

A

March 1916 Hasse and 18 other SPD members resigned and voted against governments emergency budget, they then formed the USPD in April 1917 due to revolutionary feeling in Berlin and Russia

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23
Q

USPD, who did they support?

A

USPD supported left wing revolutionary groups such as the Spartacists who were led by Luxembourg and Liebknecht

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24
Q

USPD, how popular was the party by 1918?

A

January 1918 USPD had 120,000 members and led strikes in the same month involving over 1 million people across Germany

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25
Q

USPD, how did the SPD react?

A

SPD reacted to the USPD by saying they were unpatriotic and negatively affecting war effort, accused them for stabbing them in the back, USPD proved to be a scapegoat for losing the war

26
Q

what were the factors towards the growth of revolution?

A
  • revolution from above
  • Prince Max reforms
  • revolution from below
  • role of Luxembourg and Schiedeman
27
Q

revolution from above, what signalled a decline in German war superiority?

A

Russias exit from the war March 1918 signalled a decline in German war superiority

28
Q

revolution from above, what was the battle of Amiens?

A

8th August 1918 Battle of Amiens was ‘blackest day of the German army’ where 16,000 soldiers captured, another huge loss!

29
Q

revolution from above, what decided that the war was lost?

A

German conference 29th September 1918 was decided that war was lost, was decided that political reform was needed if regime was to survive

30
Q

revolution from above, what was a liberal step?

A

3rd October 1918 Prince Max became the chancellor who was progressive and Liberal

31
Q

Prince Maxs reforms, when did he ask for armistice?

A

3rd October 1919 he wrote to Wilson asking for armistice

32
Q

Prince Max reforms, what did he abolish?

A

he abolished the Prussain three class Franchise that ensured a wealthy persons vote was worth 17.5% more than a poor persons

33
Q

Prince Max reforms, what powers were taken from the Kaiser?

A

power over the navy and army was taken from the Kaiser and given to the Reistchag and chancellor and government were made accountable to the Reistchag not the Kaiser

34
Q

Prince Maxs reforms, what he cause?

A

Ludendorff resigned and failed to convince the Kaiser of the continuation of unrestricted Submarine warfare

35
Q

Prince Maxs reforms, what did his reforms do within three weeks?

A

it had transformed Germany into a constitutional monarchy and this satisfied liberal minded parties who welcomed the reforms, however the reforms inadvertently led to the revolution from below

36
Q

Revolution from below, what were the first revolutions to break out?

A

First Naval mutiny broke out 29th October 1918 but was suppressed and 600 sailors were imprisoned, 4th November over 100,000 sailors mutinied and seized control of ships

37
Q

Revolution from below, what protest took over Bavaria and Berlin?

A

7th November 1918 mass protests took over Bavaria and Berlin declaring themselves independent socialists republics

38
Q

revolution from below, what happened on 9th November?

A

9th November general strike broke out in Berlin which brought administration to a halt and 15 soldiers died

39
Q

revolution from below, what broke out in November?

A

between 4th-9th November 1918 anti-war uprisings broke out which caused the Kaiser to abdicate on the 9th November where he fled to Holland

40
Q

L&S, what did Luxembourg do initially?

A

September 1914 she was 1 of 4 to write letters to newspapers condemning the war

41
Q

L&S, when was Luxembourg arrested?

A

Arrested on 19th February 1915 she was arrested for continuous anti-war protesting but had the ability to keep writing anti-war propaganda and smuggled it to Franz Menning

42
Q

L&S, when did the sparticists split from the SPD?

A

5th January 1919 Spartacists split from the USPD and send up the German Communist party (KPD) under the leadership of Luxembourg and Liebknecht

43
Q

L&S, what happened with the Freikorps?

A

10th January the Freikorps attacked the KPDs position in Berlin, 15th January revolt was crushed and the leaders were murdered

44
Q

L&S, when did S proclaim a republic?

A

9th November 1918, Scheidemann proclaimed the republic in Germany and became the first head of government in the Weimar Republic.

45
Q

how stable was Weimar?

A

Weimar Republic
treaty of Versailles
Weimar constitution

46
Q

Weimar Republic, why was there hyperinflation?

A

faced severe economic problems due to printing money and war bonds culminating in hyper-inflation of 1921-1923

47
Q

Weimar Republic, how much of the DNVP represent?

A

DNVP represented those who thought Germany didn’t support a republic system, January 1919 election they gained 10.3% of the vote

48
Q

Weimar Republic, who responded to treaty of Versailles?

A

Scheidemann resigned 1919 as chancellor due to the Treaty of Versailles famously
saying ‘may the hand wither than sign this treaty!’

49
Q

Weimar Republic, how did the war affect people?

A

millions of angry, dejected, and unemployed soldiers returned needing to be integrated into society

50
Q

Weimar Republic, how did the Spd open themselves up to critisicm?

A

28th June 1919 2 SPD deputies signed the Versailles treaty on behalf of Germany which sealed the fate of the new regime, both military and the right wing could blame them for surrendering and Weimar permanently tarred with this for the rest of the period

51
Q

Versailles, how did this affect German territory?

A

Germany lost 13% of its territory, lost Polish corridor, millions of Germans were now under Polish governing without being consulted, Rhineland was demilitarised, and Germany lost Alsace-Lorrain

52
Q

versailles, how much was Germany forced to pay?

A

Germany were forced to pay 20,000 million marks, in April 1921 132,000 million marks were fixed by the allies that had to be paid over 30 years

53
Q

versailles, how many people were unemployed due to reduced army numbers?

A

Germany was only allowed 100,000 man army which meant 3.4million were suddenly unemployed, only 15,000 sea men, they weren’t allowed submarines, jeeps or planes

54
Q

versailles, what did clause 231 do?

A

Clause 231 stated Germany had to accept total responsibility for the war

55
Q

versailles, how was Germany affected Internationally?

A

Germany were only allowed to join League of Nations in 1926 as long as they brought peace

56
Q

constitution, how often was president elected?

A

President was to be elected every 7 years, have control over the army

57
Q

constitution, reistchag election format?

A

Reichstag elected by all Germans over 20 years old by proportional representation which allowed extremists parties to rise, every 4 years

58
Q

constitution, how many votes per seat?

A

during elections candidates were given 1 seat for every 60,000 votes for the party, coalitions were a likely outcome

59
Q

constitution, what did the reichsrat do?

A

Reichsrat could give advice to the Reichstag and reject legislation but could not amend or propose legislation

60
Q

constitution, what did article 48 do?

A

Article 48 was established that were emergency powers that the president could use to bypass the Reichstag

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