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06 - IFSTA Chapter 06 Flashcards

1
Q

The fire service operates 3 types of nozzles to produce what 3 basic types of fire streams?

A

Solid, fog, broken stream

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2
Q

What is the formula for the costumary discharge rate?

A

29.7xD^2xDNP

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3
Q

The costumary formula to determine nozzle reaction for solid stream nozzles is?

A

1.57xD?xNP

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4
Q

What nozzle flows a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific discharge pressure?

A

Constant flow fog nozzle

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5
Q

Which stream is produced with a fixed orifice and a smooth bore nozzle?

A

Solid stream

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6
Q

What type of nozzle enables a firefighter to select a flow rate to operate ?

A

Manually/Selectable gallonage nozzle

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7
Q

Which stream nozzle requires the driver/operator to determine the amount of water discharged?

A

Solid stream nozzle

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8
Q

What is the counter force that pushes back against firefighters operating a hoseline called?

A

Nozzle reaction

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9
Q

The principle of operation of this nozzle is based on rotating the exterior of the barrel to change pattern settings:

A

Constant flow fog nozzle

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10
Q

Which nozzle is design to maintain its constant operating pressure even if the pump discharge pressure increases ?

A

Automatic fog nozzle

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11
Q

What type of nozzle may produce solid or fog streams and generate considerable nozzle reaction due to their higher flow rate?

A

Master stream nozzles

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12
Q

What nozzle offers firefighters the ability to operate at a greater distance from the fire taking advantage of the longer reach?

A

Master stream nozzles

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13
Q

What are the three basic types of master stream appliances?

A

Fixed, Portable, and Combination

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14
Q

Which master stream appliance is commonly called “deck gun”?

A

Fixed monitor

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15
Q

What appliance may be pre-plumbed and permanently attached to an aerial device?

A

Elevated master stream

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16
Q

Which nozzle is referred to as distributor nozzle?

A

Cellar nozzle

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17
Q

Which nozzles are not equipped with shut offs?

A

Cellar nozzle

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18
Q

What nozzle is commonly used in aircraft firefighting and car fires?

A

Piercing nozzle

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19
Q

Which nozzle consist of a single piece of brass or steel with many impinging holes?

A

Chimney nozzle

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20
Q

What abbreviation equals the total flow of water in GPM flowing through the nozzle?

A

Q

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21
Q

Which NFPA Standard deals with Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications?

A

NFPA 1002

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22
Q

What three basic fire streams does the fire service use?

A

Solid, Fog, Broken Stream

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23
Q

What is the maximum nozzle pressure a solid stream nozzle on a handline should be operated at?

A

50 psi

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24
Q

What is the maximum operating nozzle pressure for a master stream appliance using a solid stream nozzle?

A

80 psi

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25
Q

What is the formula for Discharge Rate from a solid stream nozzle?

A

GPM = 29.7 x d2 x DNP

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26
Q

Most constant flow nozzles are designed to operate at what nozzle pressure?

A

100 psi

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27
Q

Most selectable gallonage nozzles are designed to flow the indicated gallonage at what psi?

A

100 psi

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28
Q

What is considered the maximum flow for a handline?

A

350 gpm

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29
Q

Master stream nozzles are capable of flowing in excess of how many gpm’s?

A

350 gpm

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30
Q

What pressure are smooth bore master streams generally operated at?

A

80 psi

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31
Q

Master stream fog nozzles are generally operated at what pressure

A

100 psi

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32
Q

High pressure fog nozzles are best suited for what type of firefighting?

A

Wildland Firefighting

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33
Q

A piercing nozzle uses an impinging jet nozzle capable of flowing what gpm at 100 psi?

A

125 gpm

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34
Q

At 100 psi, what gpm range are chimney nozzles capable of flowing?

A

1.5 - 3

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35
Q

What is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction for solid steam nozzles?

A

NR = 1.57 x d2 x NP

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36
Q

On the fire ground what formula can be used to achieve the approximate solid stream nozzle reaction?

A

NR = Q/3

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37
Q

What is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction for fog stream nozzles?

A

NR = 0.0505 x Q x DNP

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38
Q

On the fire ground what formula can be used to achieve the approximate nozzle reaction for a fog stream nozzle?

A

NR = Q/2

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39
Q

What type of monitor is permanently mounted on the apparatus?

A

Fixed monitors

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40
Q

Of the following where are master stream appliances NOT generally operated

A

Water curtains

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41
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three basic fire streams as defined by IFSTA?

A

piercing

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42
Q

What are the two factors that determine the reach and flow of a solid stream?

A

nozzle pressure and discharge orifice

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43
Q

What is considered a “narrow fog” nozzle pattern according to IFSTA?

A

15 to 45 degrees

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44
Q

Which of the following is not a master stream appliance as defined by IFSTA?

A

ground monitor

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45
Q

What is the best method to increase safety and effectiveness of a cellar nozzle?

A

insert an inline shutoff valve

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46
Q

Determine the nozzle reaction from a hoseline equipped with a 13/4 inch tip operating a nozzle at 50PSI.

A

122.66 lb.

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47
Q

Determine the nozzle reaction of a hoseline with a fog nozzle flowing 200 gpm and 100 psi.

A

101 lb.

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48
Q

which nozzle type allows the firefighter operating the hoseline to select the flow rate?

A

selectable gallonage nozzle

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49
Q

Which of the following operations would a high pressure fog nozzle best be suited for?

A

wildland operations

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50
Q

Which of the following nozzles flows a specific volume of water on all patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure?

A

constant flow nozzles

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51
Q

What kind of nozzle is commonly used for aircraft firefighting?

A

piercing nozzle

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52
Q

MOST fog nozzles are designed to be operated at:

A

at or below 100 psi

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53
Q

Solid stream handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of:

A

50 psi

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54
Q

What kind of master stream appliance is stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they will be used?

A

portable monitors

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55
Q

Why are handlines generally capped at 350 gpms?

A

greater flows will produce dangerous amounts of nozzle reaction

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56
Q

What is the equation for determining water flow from a solid stream nozzle?

A

29.7x D2 x DNP

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57
Q

What determines the forward velocity, pattern and shape of a fog nozzle?

A

angle of deflection

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58
Q

Automatic nozzles are categorized as what kind of nozzle?

A

variable flow nozzle

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59
Q

What kind of nozzle produces a stream with a high pressure but low volume of water?

A

high pressure fog nozzles

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60
Q

what is the proper calculation used to calculate the nozzle reaction for fog streams?

A

0.0505X Q XDNP

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61
Q

Which of the following affects the condition of the stream as it leaves the nozzle?

A

Operating pressure

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62
Q

Until it reaches its destination, what four factors influence the fire stream?

A

Velocity, gravity, wind, and friction with the air

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63
Q

In order to achieve maximum efficiency during incident operations, drivers must ensure what is/are applied to each fire stream?

A

Optimum flow rate and discharge pressure

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64
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic fire streams?

A

Master Stream

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65
Q

Handline smoothbore nozzles should be operated at a maximum discharge pressure of what?

A

50PSI

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66
Q

Masterstream smoothbore nozzles should operate at a maximum discharge pressure of what?

A

80PSI

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67
Q

What is the formula for determining the flow rate of a smoothbore nozzle?

A

GPM = 29.7 ? D? ? DNP

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68
Q

When flowing water through a fog nozzle, upon encountering an obstruction, what will determine the forward velocity of the stream of water, as well as its pattern or shape?

A

The angle of deflection

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69
Q

A water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control is known as what?

A

Fog stream

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70
Q

The reach of a fog stream is directly related to what?

A

Its width

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71
Q

A nozzle that is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific pressure is known as what?

A

Constant flow nozzle

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72
Q

Most constant flow nozzles are designed to operate at what pressure?

A

100 PSI, but some at 50 PSI

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73
Q

What is the maximum flow for a handline?

A

350 GPM

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74
Q

Smoothbore master streams are generally operated at what nozzle pressure?

A

80 PSI

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75
Q

Fog stream master streams are generally operated at what nozzle pressure?

A

100 PSI

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76
Q

The purpose of changing the direction of water through a master stream device serves what purpose?

A

Reduces nozzle reaction

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77
Q

What is not considered to be one of the three types of master streams?

A

Handheld

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78
Q

What is the rated flow of a piercing nozzle at its appropriate PSI?

A

125 GPM at 100 PSI

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79
Q

The counterforce directed against a person or device holding a nozzle by the velocity of the water being discharged is known as what?

A

Nozzle reaction

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80
Q

What is the correct formula used to determine nozzle reaction?

A

NR = 1.57 ? D? ? NP

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81
Q

Solid stream nozzles on handines should generally be operated at what PSI?

A

50 PSI

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82
Q

Solid stream nozzles on master streams should generally be operated at what PSI?

A

80 PSI

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83
Q

What is the formula to determine water flow from a solid stream nozzle?

A

29.7xd^2xDNP

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84
Q

What is the “constant” in the formula to determine flow from a solid stream nozzle?

A

29.7

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85
Q

What stream is described as finely divided particles used for fire control?

A

Fog stream

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86
Q

Which nozzle is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patters at a specific nozzle discharge pressure?

A

Constant flow fog nozzle

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87
Q

What range of fog nozzle patterns is considered a narrow fog?

A

15-45 degrees

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88
Q

What range of fog nozzle patters is considered a wide fog?

A

45-80 degrees

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89
Q

Which nozzle allows the firefighter operating the handline to select the flow rate to suit fire and operating conditions?

A

Selectable gallonage nozzle

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90
Q

What type of nozzle is a type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patters while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?

A

Automatic fog nozzle

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91
Q

What is generally the maximum flow for a handline?

A

350 gpm

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92
Q

Master stream fog appliances are generally operated at what PSI?

A

100 PSI

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93
Q

Which master stream appliance may be used in a mount on the apparatus or removed and used remotely from the vehicle?

A

Combination monitor

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94
Q

Which type of nozzle is designed to be lowered through holes and are sometimes referred to as distributors?

A

Cellar nozzles

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95
Q

Which nozzle is gererally designed as a 3-6 foot hollow sleel rod 1 1/2 inches in diameter?

A

Piercing nozzle

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96
Q

What is the counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged?

A

Nozzle reaction

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97
Q

What is the formula to determine nozzle reaction from a solid stream nozzle?

A

1.57xd^2xNP

98
Q

What is the “constant” in the formula for nozzle reaction for solid stream nozzles?

A

1.57

99
Q

What is the formula to determine nozzle reaction from a fog stream nozzle?

A

.0505xQxDNP

100
Q

What is the “constant” in the formula for nozzle reaction from a fog stream nozzle?

A

0.0505

101
Q

Which type of nozzle produces a tight stream with little spray or shower effect?

A

solid stream nozzle

102
Q

The flow and reach of a solid steam nozzle is determined by the size of the discharge orifice and the?

A

nozzle pressure

103
Q

Solid stream nozzles on handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of?

A

50 psi nozzle pressure

104
Q

What maximum pressure should solid stream master stream appliances be operated?

A

80 psi nozzle pressure

105
Q

When determining the flow of a solid stream nozzle, which of the following is the constant number used to determine max GPM?

A

29.7

106
Q

Which type of fog stream breaks water into fine, evenly divided particles by driving several jets of water together at an angle?

A

impinging stream

107
Q

Impinging stream nozzles MOST often provide?

A

wide angle fog pattern

108
Q

The reach of a fog stream is directly related to?

A

the wind

109
Q

The type of nozzle that is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure is called?

A

constant flow fog nozzle

110
Q

The type of nozzle that allows firefighters operating the handline to select the flow rate to suit fire and operating conditions is called?

A

selectable gallonage

111
Q

When properly supplied, a selectable gallonage nozzle will discharge a pre-determined flow along with what other type?

A

constant flow fog nozzle

112
Q

A type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure is called?

A

automatic fog nozzle

113
Q

If the gallonage supplied to an automatic fog nozzles-changes, the automatic nozzle?

A

adjust to maintain virtually the same pressure

114
Q

Which type of nozzle produces a stream with significant forward velocity and relatively low volume of eater delivery?

A

high pressure nozzle

115
Q

An incident that is MOST likely to use a master streams is an incident where?

A

personnel are limited

116
Q

Special purpose nozzles that be referred to as distributors are called?

A

cellar nozzles

117
Q

Special purpose nozzles that are often lowered through holes or other openings to the cellar of an occupancy are called?

A

cellar nozzles

118
Q

Special purpose nozzles that are commonly used in aircraft firefighting, car fires or apply water to attics are?

A

piercing nozzles

119
Q

Which of the following is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction for solid stream nozzles?

A

1.57 x d^2 x NP

120
Q

Which of the following is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction for fog stream nozzles?

A

0.0505 x Q x DNP

121
Q

what is 3 types of nozzles does the fire service operate?

A

solid, fog and broken

122
Q

what stream is produced by a smooth bore nozzle?

A

solid fire stream

123
Q

what fire stream has little spray or shower effect?

A

solid fire stream

124
Q

what nozzle pressure does a solid stream nozzles flow at?

A

50 psi

125
Q

when determining flow of a solid stream nozzle, what is used as a constant in the formula

A

29.7

126
Q

what must a driver/operators know to determine the flow of a solid stream nozzle?

A

nozzle pressure and tip diameter

127
Q

what are 3 types of fog nozzle patterns?

A

straight, narrow fog and wide fog

128
Q

what is described as a water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control?

A

fog stream

129
Q

what is relative to the barrel that will determine the shape of a fog stream?

A

the stem

130
Q

which nozzle is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure

A

constant flow fog nozzle

131
Q

what nozzle has a design for adjustable gallonage settings?

A

selectable gallonage nozzle

132
Q

with a constant flow nozzle, who sets the specifications for gallonage to be flowed at?

A

manufacturer of the nozzle

133
Q

what nozzle can change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?

A

automatic fog nozzle

134
Q

what nozzle produces a steam with significant forward velocity but a relatively low volume of water delivery?

A

high pressure fog nozzle

135
Q

what nozzle is best suited for wild land fires?

A

high pressure fog nozzle

136
Q

what is a hose line considered if at or below 350 gpm?

A

handline

137
Q

what is a hose line considered if at or above 350 gpm?

A

master stream

138
Q

what is the nozzle pressure of a smoothboremaster stream?

A

80psi

139
Q

where else can a cellar nozzle be used at?

A

attics

140
Q

which nozzle consist of a solid piece of brass or steel with many small impinging holes producing a very fine mist?

A

chimney nozzle

141
Q

Three basic fire streams used in the fire service

A

Solid, Fog and Broken

142
Q

Solid stream nozzles on handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of

A

50 psi

143
Q

master stream appliances should be operated at a maximum

A

80 psi

144
Q

A solid fire stream is produced with a

A

fixed orifice and a smooth bore nozzle

145
Q

Solid stream nozzle discharge rate (Customary)

A

GPM = 29.7 x d2 x D NP

146
Q

Solid stream nozzle discharge rate (Metric)

A

L/min = 0.067 x d2 x D NP

147
Q

designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure

A

constant flow nozzle

148
Q

Most constant flow nozzles are designed to operate at a nozzle pressure of

A

100 psi

149
Q

These nozzles allow the firefighter operating the handline to select the flow rate to suit fire and operating conditions

A

selectable gallonage nozzles

150
Q

Many selectable gallonage nozzles are designed to flow the gallonage indicated at

A

100 psi

151
Q

a type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure

A

automatic nozzles

152
Q

Most automatic fog nozzles are designed to operate at

A

100 psi

153
Q

Driver/operators must ensure that adequate discharge pressure is supplied to all hoselines, especially those equipped with

A

automatic nozzles

154
Q

What type of nozzle operates at a pressure of up to 800 psi

A

high pressure fog

155
Q

High ressure fog nozzles are not recommended for structural firefighting because of low water flow of only

A

8-15 gpm

156
Q

Max flow for a handline

A

350 gpm

157
Q

Master stream nozzles are capable of water flow in excess of

A

350 gpm

158
Q

Smooth bore master stream appliances are generally operated at

A

80 psi

159
Q

Fog master stream appliances are generally operated at

A

100 psi

160
Q

Commonly called deck guns and permanently mounted on the apparatus

A

fixed monitors

161
Q

Until it reaches its destination, the fire stream is influenced by what 4 things?

A

Velocity, gravity, wind and friction with the air

162
Q

The fire service operates 3 types of nozzles to produce 3 basic streams. What are they?

A

Solid, fog, broken stream

163
Q

Hose streams that stays together as a solid mass is called?

A

Solid fire stream

164
Q

Solid stream nozzles on hand lines should generally be operated at a maximum PSI of what?

A

50

165
Q

Master streams appliances should be operated at a maximum of what PSI?

A

80

166
Q

What is the formula for discharge rate of a solid nozzle stream?

A

GPM=29.7XD?XDNP

167
Q

What nozzle breaks water into fine, evenly divided particles by driving jets of water together at an angle?

A

Impinging stream

168
Q

This nozzle is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patters at a specific nozzle pressure?

A

Constant flow

169
Q

This nozzle allows firefighters operating the handline to select the flow rate to suite fire and operating conditions?

A

Selectable gallonage

170
Q

This nozzle is a variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?

A

Automatic

171
Q

This nozzle is recommended for wildland fires NOT structure fires due to its high pressure but GPM.

A

High pressure fog

172
Q

What is the general maximum flow for a hand line ?

A

350 GPM

173
Q

What is generally the GPM of a master stream ?

A

350 and up

174
Q

What PSI range is generally accepted for master streams?

A

80-100

175
Q

A deck gun is what type of monitor?

A

Fixed

176
Q

This monitor can be used attached to the apparatus or removed.

A

Combination

177
Q

This monitor is stored in a compartment for deployment ?

A

Portable

178
Q

This nozzle has an angled, case hardened steel tip that can be driven through walls?

A

Piercing

179
Q

This nozzle has a GPM of 1.5-3 and a PSI of a 100?

A

Chimney

180
Q

What of Newtons Laws of Motion is represented by nozzle reaction?

A

3rd

181
Q

What affects the condition of the fire stream as it leaves the nozzle?

A

Operating pressure, nozzle design and adjustment, and condition of the nozzle orifice

182
Q

When does water form a fire stream?

A

Upon leaving the nozzle orifice

183
Q

Which of these is not a factor that can influence a fire stream?

A

Temperature

184
Q

Which of these is not one of the three basic fire streams the fire service operates?

A

Piercing nozzle

185
Q

What is produced with a fixed orifice and a smooth bore nozzle?

A

Solid fire stream

186
Q

What is the general operating pressure for solid stream nozzles?

A

50 PSI

187
Q

In the (customary) - discharge rate formula, what is the number used for the constant?

A

29.7

188
Q

What fog pattern will a wide deflection produce?

A

Wide

189
Q

What range of angles produce a narrow fog pattern?

A

15 degrees - 45 degrees

190
Q

What water stream is made up of finely divided particles used for fire control?

A

Fog stream

191
Q

Which of these is not directly related to the reach of fog streams?

A

Temperature

192
Q

What nozzle pressure are most constant flow nozzles designed to operate?

A

100 PSI

193
Q

What type of nozzles have the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?

A

Automatic nozzles

194
Q

What nozzles are best suited for wildland fires and are not recommended for structural fire fighting due to their low water flow?

A

High pressure fog nozzles

195
Q

Master streams are capable of flowing water in excess of how many gallons?

A

350 GPM

196
Q

What reduces nozzle reaction in a master stream appliance?

A

Changing the direction of water through the device

197
Q

What type of nozzle is sometimes referred to as a distributor?

A

Cellar nozzle

198
Q

What type of nozzle is also referred to as a penetrating nozzle?

A

Piercing nozzle

199
Q

What type of nozzle is attached to a booster hose and only flows 1.5 to 3 GPM?

A

Chimney nozzle

200
Q

Which of Newton’s laws of motion does nozzle reaction illustrate?

A

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

201
Q

What is a solid fire stream?

A

A hose stream that stays together as a solid mass

202
Q

Solid stream nozzles on handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of how many psi? Master streams?

A

Handlines at 50 psi, Master Streams at 80

203
Q

What formula would a DPO use to determine water flow from a solid stream nozzle whne the nozzle pressure and tip diameter is known?

A

GPM = 29.7 x d^2 x sqrt NP

204
Q

What is the degree range for a wide fog?

A

45-80 degrees

205
Q

The relative positions of the deflection stem and the exterior barrel of a periphery-deflected nozzle determine what?

A

The stream pattern

206
Q

Which of the following is not a type of handline nozzle?

A

Straight stream

207
Q

Generally, what is the maximum flow for a handline?

A

350 gpm

208
Q

Master stream nozzles are capable of water flow in excess of how many GPM?

A

350 gpm

209
Q

Which of the following is not a reason that master stream appliances would be used?

A

Limited water source

210
Q

Which of the following is not a basic type of master stream appliance?

A

Automatic monitor

211
Q

This type of monitor is commonly known as a deck gun.

A

Fixed monitor

212
Q

What type of nozzle is a 3-6 foot hollow steel rod with a hardened steel tip capable of being driven through a variety of material?

A

Piercing nozzle

213
Q

What type of nozzle are most often lowered through holes or other openings, like basements, attics, or other void spaces?

A

Cellar nozzle

214
Q

What type of nozzle is a solid piece of brass with many small impinging holes and only flows 1.5-3 gpm?

A

Chimney nozzle

215
Q

Most fog nozzles are designed to operate at or below how many psi?

A

100 psi

216
Q

What formula is used to calculate nozzle reaction for a solid stream?

A

NR = 1.57 x d^2 x NP

217
Q

What formula can a DPO use to approximate solid stream nozzle reaction on the fire ground?

A

NR = Q/3

218
Q

What formula is used to calculate nozzle reaction for a fog stream?

A

NR = 0.0505 x Q x sqrtNP

219
Q

What formula can a DPO use to approximate fog stream nozzle reaction on the fire ground?

A

NR = Q/2

220
Q

When calculating nozzle reaction, what unit of measurement is the final answer in?

A

Pounds

221
Q

What are the three basic types of fire streams created by nozzles used in the fire service?

A

solid, fog and broken streams

222
Q

What is the nozzle pressure for a solid stream master stream appliance?

A

80 psi

223
Q

What type of fog stream breaks water into fine, evenly divided particles by driving several jets of water together at an angle?

A

impinging stream

224
Q

What is the nozzle pressure for a solid stream hand line?

A

50 psi

225
Q

Periphery-deflected streams are produced by deflecting water around:

A

an inside circular stem in the nozzle

226
Q

Elevated master streams that have pre piped waterways generally feature a master stream that can be remotely controlled from the apparatus tuntable and is generally able to:

A

move both up and down and side to side

227
Q

Impinging stream nozzles often provide a:

A

wide angle fog patterns

228
Q

The flow and reach of a solid stream nozzle is determined by the size of the discharge orifice and the:

A

nozzle pressure

229
Q

What is the maximum flow of a handline?

A

350 GPM

230
Q

Which of the following is a type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?

A

automatic fog nozzle

231
Q

Which of the following nozzles is designed to produce a stream with significant forward velocity and relatively low volume of water?

A

high-pressure fog nozzles

232
Q

Which of the following would a high pressure fog nozzle be best suited for?

A

wildland fires

233
Q

Most fog nozzles that are used as a hand lines are designed to be operated at: (IFSTA not FAXco)

A

at or below 100 psi

234
Q

Distributor nozzles are also referred to as:

A

cellar nozzles

235
Q

The reach of a fog nozzle stream is directly related to:

A

the wind

236
Q

Which of the following nozzles produce a tight stream with little spray or shower effect?

A

solid stream nozzles

237
Q

Which style of master stream appliance has flow limitations when removed from the apparatus and place on the ground?

A

combination nozzles

238
Q

A “narrow-fog” pattern is considered to be:

A

15 to 45 degrees

239
Q

a “wide-fog” pattern is considered to be:

A

45 to 80 degrees

240
Q

Which of the following is considered to be a “fixed monitor”

A

deck gun

Martin 22 (33 decks)

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