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community medicine > General Epidemiology > Flashcards

General Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Portions of death certificate

A

First portion (personal details, date n time)
Second portion (cause of death)

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2
Q

Types of Causes of death in death certificate

A

Immediate cause
Antecedent cause
Underlying cause

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3
Q

Magnitude of health problem is measured by

A

Morbidity
Mortality

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4
Q

Basic tools in epidemiology

A

Rates
Ratios
Proportions

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5
Q

Epidemiological methods

A

Observational studies
Experimental studies

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6
Q

Observational studies

A

Descriptive
Analytical (ecological/ cross sectional/ case control)
Cohort

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7
Q

Experimental studies

A

Randomized controlled trials
Field trials
Community trials

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8
Q

Operational definition

A

Epidemiologist should be able to identify the deseased but also measure it accurately.

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9
Q

Berkesonian bias

A

Different rates of hospital admission

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10
Q

Types of bias

A

Selection
Berkesonian
Interviewer

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11
Q

Types of cohort study

A

Prospective

Retrospective/ non current prospective

Combination (pros+ retro)

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12
Q

Elements of cohort study

A

Selection of subject
Data obtained
Compassion gp selection
Follow up

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13
Q

Attrition

A

Losses in trials due to
Death
Migration
Non cooperation

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14
Q

3 criterias of selecting a study group

A

Representative of reference population

Informed consent (procedure+dangers)

Susceptible to disease

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15
Q

Types of epidemic curve

A

Common source (single point source)
Propagated epidemics
Slow epidemics

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16
Q

Uses of epidemic curve

A

Exposure to suspected source to time
Suggest particular infection
Common source /propagated

17
Q

Retrospective study / case control study distinct features

A

Exposure and outcome occured before the study starts (presently it is a case)

Backwards from effect

Uses a control/comparison group

18
Q

Steps of retrospective study

A

Selection of cases
Selection of control
Matching
Measurement of exposure
Analysis + interpretation

19
Q

Measurement of exposure may be obtained by

A

Questionnaire
Past records(hospital+ employment)

20
Q

Disadvantages of retrospective study

A

Bias
Difficult control selection
Dont diiff between associated or causative factors

21
Q

Odds ratio

A

Measure strength of association between risk factor and outcome

Evaluation of risk of developing a diseaseamong those exposed as compared to non exposed

22
Q

Cohort study / prospective / longitudinal / incidence or forward looking study

A

Obtain additional evidenceto support existence of association between cause and disease

23
Q

Features of cohort study

A

Prior to appearance of disease.
Observed longer to determine frequency.
Forward (cause to effect)

24
Q

Elements of cohort study

A

Selection of study groups(cohort)
Obtain data on exposure
Selection of comparison group
Follow up
Analysis

25
Q

Advantages of cohort study

A

Incidence calculable
Dose response ratio calculable
Minimize misclassification bias

26
Q

Disadvantages of cohort study

A

Large no. Required
Longer duration
Attrition problem (loss of follow up)
Selection bias
Ethical problem in case of changes
Limited factors considered

27
Q

Uses of epidemiology (by morris)

A

7
Study trend of disease
Community diagnosis
Health services planning+evaluation
Individual risk / chances
Syndrome identification
Completing clinical picture
Causal telationship establishment

28
Q

4 phases of clinical trial (SEAL)

A

Safety
Efficacy
Approval
Long term

29
Q

Types of clinical trials

A

Randomised controlled trials
Pre-post design
Factorial design

30
Q

Sensitivity

A

No. Of positively testing among no. Of diseased

31
Q

Specificity

A

No. Of negative test results in total no. Of non-diseased

community medicine (16 decks)

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