Environment And Health

Question 1

Safe and wholesome water

Answer 1

Does not harm consumer (over prolonged times)

Free of 
  Pathogen
  Harmfule chemical substances 
  Acceptable to taste and appearance
  Usable for domestic purposes

Question 2

Sanitary well

Answer 2

Properly located (50ft away)(higher)

Well constructed(2-3ft above)(20ft cement)

Protected against contamination
Yielding safe water supply

Question 3

Construction of sanitary well

Answer 3

50ft away from contamination
Parapet 60-90 cm above ground
Platform(2-3ft wide cemented platform)
Cemented Drain for storm water
Covering with gap(aeration+ventilation)
Hand pump for drawing water
Consumer responsibility (cleanliness)
Water stagnation prevented
Quality of water (standards)

Question 4

Hardness of water

Answer 4

Soap destroying power
Cause encrusatation of (water carrying system+heating utensil)
Reduces life of fabrics

Question 5

Types of hardness of water (mEq/L)

Answer 5

Temporary /carbonate hardness
(Calcium and magnesium carbonate)
Permanent / non-carbonate hardness
(Calcium and magnesium sulphate)

Question 6

Grading of hardness of water

Answer 6

Soft (<1 mEq/L)
Moderately hard (1-3)
Hard (3-6)
Very hard (>6)

Softening required at >3

Question 7

Diseases with higher prevalence in soft water supply

Answer 7

Arteriosclerotic heart disease
Degenerative heart disease
Hypertension
Sudden death (CVS origin)

Question 8

Methods of softening of water

Answer 8

Temporary hardness
  Boiling 
  Adding lime
  Adding sodium bicarbonate
  Base exchange process/Permutit process

Permatent hardness
Adding sodium carbonate
Base exchange process

Question 9

Social goals of housing

Answer 9

Shelter
Family life
Access to community facilities
Family participation in community life
Economic stability

Question 10

Healthful housing criteria

Answer 10

Protection + shelter
Space for cooking,eating,washing, excretion

Protection to hazards
Noise and pollution exposure

Free from unsafe physical arrangement(toxic /harmful chemicals)
Reflect Ecological principles
Promote mental health

Encourage personal and community development

Question 11

Housing standards

Answer 11

Site
Setback (open space)
Floor
Walls
Roof
Rooms
Floor area
Cubic space
Windows
Lighting
Kitchen
Privy
Garbage + refuge
 Bathing, washing
Water supply

Question 12

Properties of noise

Answer 12

Loundness
Normal (60-65db)
Wisper(20-30db)

Frequency (20-20,000Hz)

Question 13

Adverse effects of noise on human health

Answer 13

Auditory fatigue
Deafness
Speech interference
Annoyance
Efficiency
Increased BP
Rise in intracranial pressure
Faster heart rate
Breath rate fast
More sweat
Giddiness/nausea/fatigue
Sleep interference
Vision interference

Question 14

Noise control

Answer 14

City planning
  Zone division
  Wide green belt
  Wide main streets
Vehicle control
Acoustic insulation/sound proof 
Industry+ railway
Protection(rotation
Legislation
Education (community hazard)

Question 15

Solid waste

Answer 15

Rubbish /material not economically useful

Solid/liquid/gaseous

Question 16

Mothods of disposal of solid waste

Answer 16

Dumping
Controlled tipping/sanitary landfill
Incineration
Composting
Manure pits
Burial

Question 17

Compost (no organism +good soil builder)

Answer 17

Bangalore method (hot fermentation process)

Mechanical composting

Question 18

Sewage

Answer 18

Waste water containing solid +liquid excreta

Question 19

Health aspects of sewage

Answer 19

Creation of nuisance,unpleasant odour
Fly + mosquito breeding
Pollution of water and soil supplies
Food contamination
Increase disease incidence

Question 20

Stages of sewage treatment plant

Answer 20

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Question 21

Stages in primary treatment

Answer 21

Screening metal screen
  Grit chamber (velocity  1-2 foot /sec)
  Primary sedimentation (1-2foot/min)(6-8hr)

Question 22

Stages in secondary treatment

Answer 22

Trickling /percolating filter (crushed stones) (zoogleal layer)
Activated sludge process (aeration tank)(6-8hr)
Secondary sedimentation(2-3hr)
Sludge digestion (3-4wk)
Disposal of effluent (dilution)

Question 23

Tertiary treatment /advanced waste treatment process

Answer 23

Treatment for stabilization and dewatering
Chemical treatment (add coagulants)(assist sedimentation + sludge treatment)

Question 24

Other methods of sewage treatment

Answer 24

Sea outfall
River outfall
Land treatment (sewage farming)
Oxidation pond(algae, bacteria, sunlight)
Oxidation ditches
Aerated lagoons

Question 25

Oxygenation methods in sewage secondary treatment

Answer 25

Diffused aur system

Simplex surface aeration

Question 26

Indicators of air pollution (WHO)

Answer 26

Measurement of
Particulate matter(PM)
Ozone(O3)
Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)
Sulphur dioxide(SO2)

Smoke (soiling) index
Coefficient of Haze

Question 27

Preventive measures of air pollution

Answer 27

Containment
Dust collection systems
Scrubber systems(cyclonic spray/ejector venturi/mechanically aided/spray tower/wet scrubber)

Replacement / mordernization of equipment / process

Zoning
Regulatory measures( The Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act,1981)

Question 28

Objectives of The Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act,1981

Answer 28

Provide prevention, control and abadement of air pollution in India

Establishment of pollution control boards (centre+ state) for implementing measures