L-10 external features of the Heart

Question 1

Where is the position of the heart

Answer 1

Present in the mediastinum

Question 2

What is the mediastinum

Answer 2

Space between the lungs which also contains the major blood vessels, esophagus ,nerves and trachea

Question 3

What are the external features of the heart

Answer 3

▪️Pyramidal, hollow, four chambered muscular organ

▪️Apex, a base and two surfaces

Question 4

How is the base placed and where is the Apex directed

Answer 4

Base is placed posteriorly and Apex should be directed forwards downwards to the left

Question 5

Name the surfaces of the heart

Answer 5

Sternocostal (anterior) 
posterior surface (base)
 diaphragmatic surface (inferior)

Question 6

Describe the sternocostal surface of the heart

Answer 6

▪️Formed by the four chambers right atrium,left auricle and mainly right ventricle
▪️Related to the sternum and costal cartilage and anterior Borders of both lungs and pleura

Question 7

What is an auricle

Answer 7

Anterior part of each Atrium is a wrinkled flag like extension called an auricle

Question 8

What are the grooves found in the sternocostal surface of the heart

Answer 8

▪️Atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) which separates the atria from the ventricles
Coronary arteries lie in the groove
▪️Anterior interventricular groove separates the right from the left ventricle it contains the anterior interventricular artery and the great cardiac vein

Question 9

Describe the posterior surface of the heart

Answer 9

▪️Formed by the back of both the left and the right atria mainly the left
▪️Lies opposite the middle four (5 to 8)Thoracic vertebrae
▪️The four pulmonary veins enter the left atrium and the superior and inferior vena cava entering the right atrium

Question 10

Where can the coronary sinus be seen

Answer 10

Between the back of the left atrium and the back of the left ventricle

Question 11

Describe the diaphragmatic surface

Answer 11

▪️Triangular in shape and rests on the diaphragm

▪️it is formed by both the ventricles mainly the left

Question 12

What groove does the diaphragmatic surface contain

Answer 12

Posterior interventricular groove which contains the posterior interventricular artery in the middle cardiac vein

Question 13

What are the borders of the heart

Answer 13

▪️The right border is formed by the right atrium
▪️The left border is formed by the left ventricle
▪️The upper border is formed by both atria mainly the left
▪️The lower border is formed by the right ventricle and the apex of the left ventricle

Question 14

How is the upper border hidden

Answer 14

By the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

Question 15

Describe the borders of the heart in relation to the surface anatomy

Answer 15

Point 1: lower border of the left second coastal cartilage 1.5 inches from the middle line
Point 2:upper border of the right third coastal cartilage 1 inch from the middle line
Point 3: right sixth coastal cartilage half an inch from the middle line
Point 4: left fifth intercostal space 3.5 inches from the middle line

Question 16

Describe the surface anatomy of the valves

Answer 16

(PAMT 3cc 3is 4cc 4is)
1-pulmonary valve: behind the left border of the sternum opposite the 3rd costal cartilage
2-aortic valve:behind the left border of the sternum opposite the 3rd intercostal space
3-mitral valve:behind the left border of the sternum opposite the 4th costal cartilage
4-tricuspid valve: mid line opposite the 4th intercostal space

Question 17

What would the marking of the heart be affected by

Answer 17

Posture
breathing
hypertrophy
dilation of the ventricle

Question 18

What is the pericardium and describe it

Answer 18

▪️The heart and its pericardium make up the contents of the Mediastinum
Left and right phrenic nerves lie to the of left and right of the pericardium respectively
▪️Formed of two parts:
Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium

Question 19

Describe the outer fibrous pericardium

Answer 19

Conical in shape
Tough sac enclosing the heart and provides attachments to the adjacent structures
▪️Anteriorly it is attached to the sternum
▪️Posteriorly it’s related to the descending aorta and esophagus

Question 20

Describe the inner serous pericardium

Answer 20

Formed of two layers which are continuous with each other
Outer parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium
Innervision there covers the heart the continuance between the 2 layers takes place at points where the major blood vessels enter and leave the heart

Question 21

 what are the parts of serous pericardium

Answer 21

Between the two layers is the pericardial

cavity which is a potential space that contains a small amount of fluid which facilitates the movement of the heart