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Biopsychology > 1.16.25 Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

1.16.25 Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

nerve cell, basic unit of the nervous nervous

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2
Q

What is a glial cell?

A

a brain cell that provides structural, nutritional, and other types of support.

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3
Q

Neurons

What is the input zone?

A

Where neurons collect and process information.
cellular extensions, dendrites, recieve information from other neurons.

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4
Q

What is the integration zone?

A

where the decision to produce a neural signal is made. information is integrated in the cell body.

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5
Q

What is the condunction zone?

A

where information can be electrically transmitted over great distances, a single axon, or nerve fiber, conducts output information away rom the cell body as an electrical impulse, axon may split into multiple branches (axon collarerals)

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6
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

one-shaped area of the cell body that gives
rise to the axon; gathers and integrates information arriving from the synapses on the dendrites and cell body

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7
Q

What is the axonal transport?

A

bidirectional movement of materials within an axon

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8
Q

What is the output zone?

A

specialized swellings at the end of the axons called axon terminals, transmit the neuron’s signals across synapses to other cells.

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9
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

-motor
-sensory
-interneurons

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10
Q

What are the types of shapes of neurons?

A

-multipolar
-bipolar
-unipolar

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11
Q

Neurotransmission

What is the presynaptic neuron?

A

neuron that is transmitting information

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12
Q

What is the postsynaptic neuron?

A

neuron recieving information

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13
Q

What is the presynaptic membrane?

A

membrane on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

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14
Q

What is the postsynaptic membrane?

A

membrane on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron

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15
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The gap that separates the membranes.

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16
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

Small spheres in presynaptic axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters

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17
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

specialized chemical that server as the basis of communication between neurons.

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18
Q

What are receptors?

A

Specialized proteins that selectively sense and react to molecules of a corresponding neurotransmitter or hormone. (example; cones and rods)

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19
Q

Oligodendrocyte cells

A

form myelin sheaths in the brain and
spinal cord

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A

provide myelin to neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between sections of myelin where
the axon is exposed

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22
Q

Astrocyte cells

A

star-shaped cells that stretch around and
between neurons and blood vessels; secrete chemicals that affect synaptic transmission and the formation of synapses; help form outer membrane around the brain

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23
Q

Microglial cells

A

tiny, mobile cells that remove debris from
injured or dead cells

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24
Q

What is gross neuroanatomy?

A

Features of the nervous system visible to the naked eye?

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25
What are the contents of the Central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
26
What are the contents of the peripheral nervous system?
All other parts of the nervous ststem outside the brain and spinal cord.
27
What are motor neurons?
transmit information from the spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands.
28
What are sensory nerves?
Conveys informtion from the body to the central nervous system.
29
what are the subcategories in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Somatic Autonomic
30
What is the Somatic nervous system?
nerves that interconnect the brain and the major muscles and sensory systems of the body
31
What is the Autonomic nervous system?
nerves that connect to the viscera (internal organs)
32
What nerves make up the Somatic nervous system?
cranial spinal
33
What are cranial nerves?
Arise from the brain and innervate the head, neck, and visceral organs directly, without ever joining the spinal cord
34
What are spinal nerves?
emerged from the spinal cord
35
What are the sub-categories for the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic parasympathetic
36
Explain the function of the sympathetic nervous system.
prepares the body for action; fight-or-flight
37
Explain the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
prepares the body to relax and recuperate (relax and digest)
38
What is the cerebral hemisphere?
One of the two halves of the forebrain.
39
What is the cerebral cortex?
the lumpy surface of the brain; folded thick sheet of tissue
40
What is the cerebral cortex made up of?
dendrites cell b odies axonal projections of neurons
41
What is Gyri
ridges of tissue, ridged or raised portion of the brain surface
42
What is the sulcus?
crevice that separates the gyri.
43
What are lobes?
groups of gyri and sulci.
44
What are the four major cortical regions?
frontal parietal temporal occipital
45
What is the sylvian fissure?
lateral sulcus, demacrates the temporal lobe
46
What is the central sulcus?
Distinct landmark dividing the frontal and parietal lobes
47
What is the corpus collosum?
main band of axons that conncets two cerebral hemispheres; this connection allows the brain to act as a single entity during complex processing.
48
What is Postcentral gyrus?
Strip of parietal cortex just behind the central sulcus that receives somatosensory information from the entire body; mediates the sense of touch.
49
What is the precentral gyrus?
Strip of frontal cortex just in front of the central sulcus that is crucial for motor control.
50
What is gray matter?
brain tissue; areas of the brain that are domincated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin, recieves and **processes information**
51
What is white matter?
light-colored layer of tissue consiting mostly of myelin-sheated axons that lies underneath rgay matter of the cortex, **transmits information**
52
# Subdivisions What is the neural tube?
embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to future subdivisions of the brain
53
What is the forebrain?
frontal division of the neural tube, later develops into the telecephalon, or cerebral hemispheres, and the diencephalon, or the thalamus or hypothalamus.
54
What is the midbrain?
middle division of the brain
55
What is the hindbrain?
rear division, later develops into the mentencephalon, or cerebellum and pons, and the myelencephalon, or medulla
56
What is the brainstem?
what we call the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
57
Nucleus vs Tract
nucleus: a collection of neurons Tract: a bundle of axons
58
Vertebrates are...
bilaterally symmetrical
59
What is beneath the Cerebral cortex?
basal ganglia limbic system amygdala hippocampus fornix cingulate gyrus olfactory bulb
60
Function of Basal Ganglia
control of movement
61
Function of Limbic System
emotion and learning
62
Function of Amygdala
found in the medial temporal lobe emotional regulation (anger)
63
Function of Hippocampus
found in the medial temporal lobe learning and memory
64
Function of Fornix
fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the body learning and memory
65
Function of Cingulate gyrus
Strip of cortex in the frontal and parietal midline cognitive functions
66
Function of Olfactory bulb
primary input for sense of smell; anterior projection of the brain that conntects to nasal passages
67
Function of Thalamus
Paired structures that direct the flow of sensory information to and from the cortex (the diagnosee)
68
Function of Hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, temperature, regulation, sex
69
What is the Tectum in the midbrain?
two regions process visual and auditory information
70
What is the motor centers in the midbrain?
Substantia nigra Red nucleus
71
Function of substantia nigra
neurons that release dopamine
72
Function of red nucleus
communicates with motor neurons in the spinal cord
73
Function of Reticular formation
involved with sleep and arousal, temperature control, and motor control
74
Function of cerebellum
involved in motor coordination and learning
75
Function of pons
contains motor control and sensory nuclei and gives rise to cranial nerves
76
Function of medulla
contains cranial nerve nuclei and nuclei that regulate breathing and heart rate
77
What are the three protective membranes? (meninges)
-dura mater -pia mater -arachnoid
78
dura mater
tough, outermost shee
79
pia mater
delicate innermost layer
80
arachnoid
substance between the dura and pia mater that cushions the brain in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF
81
function of ventricular system
series of chambers filled with CSF
82
What are the two major functions of CSF
acts as a shock absorber provides an exchange medium between blood and brain
83

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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