Homeostasis 3.27.2025

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

a relatively, balanced internal enviornment that is optimized for cellular activites

Question 2

Allostasis

Answer 2

the varying behavioral and physiological adjustments than an individual makes in order to maintain optimal (rather than unchanging) functioning of a regulated system system in the face of changing enviornmental stressors

Question 3

Intracellular compartment

Answer 3

fluid part of the body contained within cells

Question 4

Extracellular compartment

Answer 4

the fluid in the space outside of cells, divided between interstital fluid and blood plasma

Question 5

Water movement

Diffusion

Answer 5

molecules of a substance (solute) dissolved in another substance (solvent) will move until a uniform concentration is achieved

Question 6

Water movement

Osmosis

Answer 6

passive movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane between solutions of different solute concentration until both sides become equal

Question 7

Osmotic pressure

Answer 7

the force that pushes or pulls water across the membrane

Question 8

Baroreceptors

Answer 8

in blood vessels and the heart detect a drop in pressure

Question 9

Vasopressin

Answer 9

induces blood vessel constriction and slows the production of urine

Question 10

hormone

Angiotensin II

Answer 10

regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, causing basoconstricting which stimulates aldosterone release for sodium and water retention and influencing thirst and salt appetite, triggered in the kidneys due to decreased blood volume

Question 11

Osmosensory neurons

Answer 11

in the hypothalamus, monitor changes in concentration of the extracellular fluid

Question 12

Aldosterone

Answer 12

Released in response to angiotensin II and stimulate kidneys to conserve sodium, aiding water retention

Question 13

Nutrient regulation

glucose

Answer 13

principal sugar used for energy

Question 14

Glycogen

Answer 14

glucose stored in the liver and muscles for the short-term a process regulated by the pancreatic hormone insulin

Question 15

Glucagon

Answer 15

converts glycogen back into glucose when glucose levels drop

Question 16

basal metabolism

Answer 16

energy used for heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and life-sustaining processes

Question 17

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 17

failure of insulin to induce glucose. Two types

Question 18

Type I diabetes

Answer 18

pancreas stops producing insulin

Question 19

Type II diabetes

Answer 19

reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin

Question 20

Cephalic phase

Answer 20

insulin released is mediated by the brain in response to seeing, smelling, or tasting food

Question 21

Digestive phase

Answer 21

insulin is released when food enters the digestive tract

Question 22

Absorptive phase

Answer 22

specialized liver cells called glucodetectors signal the pancreas to release even more insulin

Question 23

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 23

arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control; key in integrqating peptide hormone signals from the body

Question 24

Leptin

Answer 24

released by fat cells into the blood stream to provide information to the brain about long-term energy reserves

Question 25

Ghrelin

Answer 25

ynthesized and released by endocrine cells of the stomach; reaches high levels before eating and drops off after eating - acts as an appetite stimulant

Question 26

PYY 3-36

Answer 26

peptide gut hormone believed to act on the hypothalamic appetite system to suppress appetite; released by intestinal cells; reaches high levels after eating and works as an appetite suppressant

Question 27

POMC neurons

Answer 27

act as satiety neurons when activated, inhibiting appetite and increasing metabolism

Question 28

NPY neurons

Answer 28

act as hunger neurons, stimulating appetite and reducing metabolism when activated

Question 29

Orexin

Answer 29

hypocretin; neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite; participates in control of feeding behavior

Question 30

Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

Answer 30

common pathway for feeding behavior

Question 31

Cholecytoskinin (CCK)

Answer 31

peptide hormone that is released by the gut after ingestion of food that is high in protein and/or fat