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Year 12 Human Bio > Evolution & Genetics > Flashcards

Evolution & Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetic redundancy

A

It refers to the fact that different codons can code for the same amino acid, as that no codon ever means two different amino acids, only one

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2
Q

What’s variation

A

The difference of physical characteristics, basic function and behaviour between numbers of a species. The difference that exists between an individual or populations of a species

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3
Q

What’s a mutation

A

The change in a gene or chromosome leading to new characteristics in an organisation

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4
Q

Types of gene mutations

A

Deletion
Insertion
Substitution

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5
Q

Types of chromosomal mutations

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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6
Q

What things can mutations occur during/due to

A
  • Mutagens (chemicals, viruses, Radiation)
  • DNA replication (gene mutations)
  • cell division (chromosome mutations)
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7
Q

What causes variation

A 
Mutation (main cause)
Random fertilisation 
Migration
Recombination during meiosis
 - crossing over
 - independent assortment
 - non - disjunction
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8
Q

What’s random fertilisation

A

When the sperm that fertilised the egg is unknown - therefore the DNA can’t be determined

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9
Q

What’s migration

A

The movement of people from one area to another with the intention of setting permanently

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10
Q

What’s crossing over

A

The interchange of the parts of the chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes during the first stage of meiosis. Creates a new combination of alleles

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11
Q

What’s independent assortment

A

The random combination of alleles due to allele pairs separating independently of each other

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12
Q

What’s non-disjunction

A

When one or more of the chromosome pairs fail to seperate during meiosis

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13
Q

What’s a species

A

A group of individuals that share many characteristics and are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

What’s a population

A

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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15
Q

What’s a gene pool

A

The sum of all alleles in the gene population

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16
Q

What’s evolution

A

Change in allele frequency within a gene pool from one generation to the next

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17
Q

Things that lead to evolution (mechanisms)

A 
Mutation
Gene flow
Random Genetic drift
Natural selection
Isolation
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18
Q

What’s gene flow

A

The movement of alleles into/out of a population, as a result of immigration/emigration

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19
Q

What’s genetic drift

A

The variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes, in a small population due to chance events

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20
Q

What are the principles of natural selection

A
  • variation
  • overproduction
  • comp for resources & survival of the fittest
  • high reproductive rate
  • heritability
  • change in allele frequency over generations
21
Q

What’s a selective agent

A

An environmental factor that kills certain animals

22
Q

Four factors that induce evolution

A

1) the potential for predations to increase in numbers
2) genetic variation as a result of mutation and sexual reproduction
3) competition for resources
4) proliferation of individuals with better survival and reproduction

23
Q

What are the disruptions to genetic equilibrium

A 
Evolution
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Nonrandom mating
Natural selection
24
Q

What’s a frameshift mutation

A

When the whole strand of DNA has been altered due to an insertion/deletion of a nucleotide base, affecting the phenotype outcome

25
Q

What’s a point mutation

A

When a mutation occurs within the nucleotide sequence but the whole strand is not affected, only the individual base/ amino acid. Phenotype isn’t affected

26
Q

What does heritability mean

A

The proportion of variation in a population trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors. Heritability estimates range from 0 to 1 and are often expressed as a percentage.

27
Q

What is evolution

A

The change in allele frequency within a gene pool from one generation to the next

28
Q

What leads to change in allele frequency

A

Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection

29
Q

What’s the bottleneck effect

A

A chance event, randomly killing a large portion of the population, wiping out a large portion of the genome

30
Q

What’s the founder effect

A

When a new population of a new place is formed by that doesn’t reflect the genomes of the founding population.

31
Q

How does natural selection work

A

Overproduction + variation

Leads to:
Natural Selection (predators + competition for recourses)

Leads to:
Survivors passing down favourable alleles

32
Q

How does geographic isolation cause speciation

A

When a population is separated because of a geographic feature, those two subgroups of the population are no longer able to reproduce together, causing individuals of the original species to accumulate sufficient genetic differences to prevent them breeding with each other when they are reunited.

33
Q

What’s the ultimate source of variation

A

Mutations

34
Q

What are the sources of variation

A

Mutations
Recombination
Random fertilisation

35
Q

What are the 5 agents of change in allele frequency (resulting in evolution)

A
  • mutation
  • gene flow
  • genetic drift
  • no random mating
  • natural selection
36
Q

What’s nonrandom mating

A

Mate selection influenced by phenotypic characteristics similar to the individuals, causing specific genotypes/alleles to be passed onto offspring
Eg. Sexual selection- female peacock picks the male with the coolest feathers

37
Q

What is isolation

A

When two parts of a formerly interbreeding population stop interbreeding

38
Q

What causes speciation

A
  • geographic isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • reproductive isolation
39
Q

Three types of bacterial enzymes used in biotechnology

A 
Restriction enzymes (scissors)
Ligation enzymes (glue)
Polymerase (hands)
40
Q

What does a restriction enzyme do

A

Scissors- Has a recognition site (4-8 nucleotides) and cuts the DNA when it comes across a recognition site

41
Q

What do ligation enzymes do?

A

Glue- joins fragments of DNA together by forming covalent bonds between nucleotides. Can join both blunt and sticky ends (for sticky end, both DNA peices must be cut with the same restriction enzyme)

42
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Hands- assemble DNA/RNA molecules by adding complimentary base pairs to a template strand.

43
Q

DNA sequencing steps

A
  • PCR - makes lots
  • ingredients: DNA templates, restriction enzymes, ddNTP’s, dNTP’s, primers, polymerase, different dye for each tube.
  • heat tubes - splits DNA
  • primer binds
  • polymerase adds nucleotide bases
  • when ddNTP added, terminated
  • polymerase can’t tell difference - variety
  • same for all tubes
  • gel electrophoresis
44
Q

Things that change allele frequency

A
  • mutation
  • random genetic drift
  • gene flow
  • nonrandom mating
  • natural selection
45
Q

Factors affecting gene pools

A

Mutation
Migration
Genetic drift
Selection pressures

46
Q

What are vestigial structures

A

Structures that have changed so much due to evolution that they no longer fulfill their original function

47
Q

What is the name of the protein that is found in all species

A

Ubiquitous proteins

48
Q

How do homologous structures show evidence for evolution

A

The more similar organisms’ anatomical resemblance, the more closely related they are

49
Q

Heterozygous advantage

A

When the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than homozygous genotypes

Year 12 Human Bio (5 decks)

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