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han 202 > HAN 202 Test 1 > Flashcards

HAN 202 Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood volume for male and females

A
  • females- 4-5 liters (42% +- 5)

- males- 5-6 liters (47% +-5)

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2
Q

blood pH

A
  • slightly basic

- 7.35-7.45

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3
Q

plasma

A
  • plasma proteins accounts for 8% of plasma solutes

- albumin is most common- carriers

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4
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment
  • oxygen binding pigment
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5
Q

erythropoiesis

A
  • myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast -> reticulocyte -> mature erythrocyte
  • require iron, vit b12, folic acid, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for RBC formation
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6
Q

leukocytes

A
  • less than 1% of total blood volume
  • neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation
  • granulocytes- multilobed, large
  • leukocytes leave capillaries through diapedesis and positive chemotaxis (towards released damaged cells)
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7
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • directly attack virus infected and tumor cells

- monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes

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8
Q

B lymphocytes

A

-produce antibody cells

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9
Q

leukopoiesis

A
  • regulated by the production of interleukins and colony stimulating factors (CSF)
  • involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along 2 pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
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10
Q

Clotting process (coagulation)

A
  • clotting factors (procoagulants) promote clotting
    1. formation of prothrombin activator
    1. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
    1. formation of fibrin mesh from fibrinogen in the plasma
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11
Q

intrinsic pathway

A
  • all factors necessary are present within the blood
  • slower clotting pathway
  • may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen, glass)
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12
Q

extrinsic pathway

A
  • triggered though endothelium derived protein factor -> tissue factor or factor 3
  • occurs rapidly
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13
Q

clot retraction and repair

A
  • contractile proteins (actin and myosin) within platelets contract and pull-on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together
  • 30-60 mins
  • repair is stimulated by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) -> endothelial cells multiply
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14
Q

fibrinolysis

A
  • removed unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin digesting enzyme PLASMIN
  • plasminogen in the clot is converted to the plasmin by TPA, factor 12, and thrombin
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15
Q

plasma and blood volume expanders

A
  • given in cases of extremely low blood volume

- mimic osmotic properties of albumin (pulls water in)

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16
Q

clot limiting (anticoagulants)

A
  • INHIBIT THROMBIN
  • heparin
  • vitamin E
  • nitric oxide
  • prostacyclin
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17
Q

thrombus vs embolus

A
  • thrombus- stationary- DVT

- embolus- traveling- PE

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18
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A
  • thinner than veins
  • more internal valves
  • anastomose more frequently
  • collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
  • deep collecting vessels travel with arteries
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19
Q

reticular cells

A
  • lymphoid cells

- produce lymphoid tissues stoma (mattress) that support other cells in lymphoid organs

20
Q

two types of lymphoid tissue

A
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue
  • lymphatic follicles
  • house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes
21
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue

A
  • found in every organ of the body
  • made of loose reticular CT
  • larger collections appear in mucous membranes (digestive tract) and lymphoid organs -> where illness can be caused
22
Q

lymphatic follicles (nodules)

A
  • solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
  • germinal center composed of dendritic and B cells (enlarge when B cells are dividing and producing plasma cells)
  • may form part of larger lymphoid organs
  • not T cells
  • ONLY B CELLS
23
Q

primary lymph organs

A
  • where B and T cells mature
  • B cells - red bone marrow
  • T cells- Thymus
24
Q

structure of a lymph node

A
  • bean shaped
  • external fibrous capsule
  • nodes are divided into compartments
  • two histologically distinct regions
  • cortex- germinal centers, follicles
  • cortex contains follicles with germinal centers (heavy with dividing B cells)
  • medulla- macrophages
  • medullary sinuses contain macrophages!
  • t cells circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream
  • surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule with an internal framework, or stroma, of reticular fibers that supports the lymphocyte
25
Q

structure of the spleen

A
  • white pulp near central arteries- house lymphocytes- immunity
  • red pulp in sinuses which houses macrophages- blood filtering
  • splenic artery and vein enter via hilum- indented part of spleen
  • surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contains both lymphocytes found in white pulp and macrophages found in red pulp
26
Q

an advantage to having reticular connective tissue present in lymph nodes is that _________

A

-the loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes***

27
Q

tonsils

A
  • simplest lymphoid organ
  • form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
  • contain follicles with germinal centers
  • are not fully encapsulated
  • epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts
  • crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter that enter the pharynx in food and inhaled air
  • palatine tonsils- at posterior end of the oral cavity
  • lingual tonsils- grouped at the base of the tongue
  • pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)- in posterior wall of the nasopharynx
  • tubal tonsils- surrounding the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
28
Q

globulin

A

involved in the transport of lipids

-involved in immune response

29
Q

T cells vs B cells

A
  • T cells cannot see free antigens, can only recognize FRAGMENTS of antigens displayed on surface of cell ( b cell can recognize in bloodstream)
  • T cells go through apoptosis between 7-30 days and the memory cells remain
30
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • induce apoptosis before immune response is activated

- positive feedback

31
Q

benefits of inflammation

A
  • dilutes harmful substances
  • brings in useful substances
  • disposes of debris
  • pain immobilizes
  • prevent spread of damaging agents
32
Q

complement activation

A
    1. enhances inflammation
    1. promotes phagocytosis (opsonization)
    1. causes cell lysis
  • formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • MAC causes cell lysis by inducing a massive influx of water by making a hole
  • complement enhances the effectiveness of both the innate and adaptive defenses
  • complement system is major mechanisms for destroying foreign substances
33
Q

incomplete antigen- Hapten

A
  • small molecules
  • are not immunogenic
  • combine with body’s own proteins and cause an attack that is harmful not protective (animal dander, detergents)
  • dont react with our immune system -> combine with our own proteins
33
Q

incomplete antigen- Hapten

A
  • small molecules
  • are not immunogenic
  • combine with body’s own proteins and cause an attack that is harmful not protective (animal dander, detergents)
  • dont react with our immune system -> combine with our own proteins
34
Q

MHC protein

A

major histocompatibility complex

35
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A
  • do not respond to specific antigens
  • NON-[SPECIFIC
  • play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
  • dendritic cells- most important
  • macrophages
  • B lymphocytes
  • engulf antigens
  • present fragments of antigens to be recognized by T cells -> like signal flags on their surface
36
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • usually in spleen or lymph node

- if the lymphocyte is a B cell -> the antigen provokes a humoral immune response -> antibodies are produced

37
Q

clonal selection

A
    1. B cell is activated when antigen bind to its surface receptor
    1. stimulated B cell grows to form a clone of identical cells bearing the same antigen-specific receptors
  • activated B cells -> becomes a memory cell OR becomes a plasma cell (effector) cell -> becomes an antibody
38
Q

primary vs secondary immune response

A

PRIMARY
-lag period- 3-6 days
-peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
-antibody levels then decline
-occurs after a delay
SECONDARY
-respond within hours
-antibodies peak in 2-3 days at much higher levels
-antibodies bind with greater affinity
-remain high for weeks to months
-more efficient, powerful, longer response

39
Q

IgM

A
  • a pentamer (large)
  • first antibody released
  • potent agglutinating agent in blood plasma
  • readily fixes and activates complement
40
Q

IgG

A
  • from a secondary and late primary responses
  • crosses the placental barrier
  • most abundant
41
Q

antibody targets

A
  • antibodies inactivate and tag antigens (antibodies cannot destroy antigens)
  • form antigen-antibody (immune) complexes
  • defensive mechanisms used by antibodies
    1. neutralization- blocks antigens and prevents binding to cells
    1. agglutination- antibody-antigen clumping that makes it easy for phagocytosis
    1. precipitation- small particles fall out and are subject to phagocytosis
    1. lysis- complement fixation
  • PLAN
42
Q

Types of T Cells

A
  • helper T cells- activate T and B cells and macrophages -> proliferation (NECESSARY)
  • cytotoxic T cells- kill with perforin and granzymes
  • regulatory T cells- suppress the immune system to prevent autoimmune diseases
  • memory T cells
43
Q

SCID- severe combine immunodeficiency syndrome

A
  • immunodeficiency

- deficit of B and T cells

44
Q

hodgkins disease

A
  • acquired immunodeficiency
  • cancer of the b cells
  • leads to immunodeficiency by depressing lymph code cells
45
Q

hypersensitivity

A
  • antibodies cause immediate and subacute hypersensitivities
  • T cells cause delayed hypersensitivity
  • immediate- local or systemic (IgE) - allergies, begins in seconds after contact
  • subacute- slow onset (IgM, IgG)- mismatched blood
  • delayed- onset 1-3 days- cytotoxic T cells -> ex. poison ivy

han 202 (16 decks)

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