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NPLEX I (2022) > Cellular Bio > Flashcards

Cellular Bio Flashcards

1
Q

cell membranes composition

A

phospholipids and proteins

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

lipid soluble substances ability to cross cell membranse

A

can cross cell membranes with NO TRANSPORTER and dissolve in hydrophobic lipid bilayer

O2, CO2, steroids, etc

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3
Q

water soluble substances ability to cross cell membranse

A

cannot dissolve in lipid of membrane but may cross through water filled channels/pores or be transported by carriers

Na, Cl, glucose, H2O, etc

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4
Q

where are integral proteins located

A

span the entire cell membrane; anchored through hydrophobic interactions with phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

where are peripheral proteins located

A

on either intracellular or extracellular side of cell membrane

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6
Q

ex of integral proteins

A

ion channels, transport proteins

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7
Q

ex of peripheral proteins

A

hormone receptors

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8
Q

types of transport pathways

A

diffusion (high to low conc; passive)

  • simple
  • facilitated (carriers)

active transport (pumps)

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9
Q

what is the Na out/K in ratio for the Na-K ATPase transporter

A

3Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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10
Q

what are the types of intercellualr connections

A 
tight junctions (zonula occludens)
gap junctions
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11
Q

function of tight junctions vs gap junctions

A

tight junctions = intercellular pathway for solutes

gap = permit intercellular communication

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12
Q

for which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) is ATP required?

A

active

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13
Q

which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) can transport against gradient?

A

active

facilitated IF coupled

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14
Q

which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) are substrate specific?

A

facilitated

active

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15
Q

examples of active transport

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

H+/K+ ATPase

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16
Q

examples of facilitated transport

A

simple glucose carriers

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17
Q

examples of secondary active transport

A

Na+/glucose carriers

Na+/amino acid carriers

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18
Q

examples of passive transport/diffusion

A

water, electrolytes, O2

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19
Q

how do cells too large for diffusion/active transport pass through the cell membrane

A

endocytosis

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20
Q

does endocytosis require ATP

A

yes

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21
Q

types of endocytosis

A

cell eating

  1. pinocytosis: engulfing small aprticles and extracellular fluid in a vesicle
  2. phagocytosis: same as above but larger material (bacteria, cell, etc)
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22
Q

what is exocytosis

A

release of vesicle filled with formerly endocytotic material

ex: toxins, neurotransmitters, hormones

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23
Q

what is osmolarity

A

conc of osmotically active particles in a solution; how “thick” is the solution

drives osmotic flow/pressure

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24
Q

osmolarity formula

A

O = g x C

g = # particles in solution
C = concentration
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25
Q

hyperosmolic areas suck water IN/OUT?

A

IN

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26
Q

voltage gated vs ligand gated ion channels

A

voltage gated: activated by change in membrane potential

ligand gated: activated by hormone or second messenger (NT)

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27
Q

ion channels are based on…

A

channel size and ion distribution

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28
Q

excitable membrane potential is based on..

A

balance between ions in ICF and ECF; changes in those ion conc create AP generation and cellular activation

ICF: LOT OF K, LOT OF MG
ECF: LOT OF NA, LOT OF CA, CL

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29
Q

ex of simple squamous epithelium tissues

A

loop of henle

pulmonary alveoli

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30
Q

ex of simple cuboidal epithelium tissues

A

ovarian surface covering

gland ducts

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31
Q

ex of simple columnar epithelium tissues

A

absorptive lining of digestive tract
large ducts

(can be ciliated or non-ciliated)

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32
Q

ex of pseudostratifid epithelium tissues

A

male urethra

large respiratory passages

33
Q

pseudostratifid epithelium properties

A

several cell types
all contact basal lamina
not all reach lumen

34
Q

ex of stratified epithelium tissues

A

vagina (nonkeratinized)
esophagus (nonkeratinized)
skin (keratinized)

35
Q

stratified epithelium properties

A

trauma resistant
lower absorption
can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional

36
Q

types of connective tissue cells

A 
mesenchymal cells
reticular cells
fibroblasts
macrophages ("histiocytes")
plasma cells
mast cells
leukocytes
fat cells (adipose)
37
Q

mesenchymal cells properties

A

perivascular locations
embryonic leftover cells
possibel precursors to adipose cells

38
Q

reticular cells properties

A

framework for lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and liver

primitive tissues like mesenchyme

39
Q

fibroblasts properties

A

synthesize glycosaminoglycans
synthesize amorphous ground substance
collagen, reticular, elastic fiber formation

40
Q

macrophages (histiocytes) properties

A 
fixed and free (wanderign) types
when stimulated > move via pseudopods
phagocytosis
togther form foreign body giant cells
secrete enzymes
41
Q

plasma cells properties

A

larger than lymphocytes
rare in connective tissue
common in: lymphoid tissue, GI lamina propria, sites of chronic inflammation

42
Q

mast cells properties

A

common in CT in groups

contain granules:
heparin (anticoagulant)
histamine (bronchiole contraction, cap dilation, inc cap permability)
serotonin (vasoconstrictive0
ECF-A (attracts eiosinophils)
SRS-A (inc vascular permeability)
Ag + IgE (degranulation)
43
Q

leukocyte properties

A

transported in blood
major actions in extravascular spaces
lymphocytes and eosinophils most common leukocytes in CT

44
Q

fat/adipose cells properties

A

white and brown types

nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles all pushed to edge by lipid droplets

45
Q

types of CT fibers

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

46
Q

collagen fibers properties

A

in all CT types
formed from protein collagen
white and tough (i.e. tendon)
5 subtypes

47
Q

elastic fibers properties

A

in loose fibrous CT
formed of albuminoid elastin
many in major blood vessel walls

48
Q

reticular fiber properties

A

support network fibers

formed primarily of type III collagen

49
Q

types of loose CT

A

reticular
areolar
adipose (white and brown)

50
Q

reticular CT properties + location

A

primitive CT type
lots of reticular fibers
lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, liver

51
Q

areolar CT properties + location

A

loose fibroelastic CT

everywhere

52
Q

brown adipose CT properties + location

A

heat generation
mobilized by direct sympathetic adrenergic innvervation

more common kids + hibernating animals
adults retain some in neck, around abdom aorta, kidney

53
Q

white adipose CT properties + location

A

rich vascular supply

deposits from 3 sources:

  • fat cell + insulin + CHO = more fat
  • fat cell + dietary fatty acids = more fat
  • glucose in liver = triglycerides (VLDLs) > fat cells = more fat

withdrawls (loss):

  • high blood glucose = low withdraws
  • norepi stim lipases > inc fat mobilization
  • insulin converts glucose > TAGs + into fat cells

most commonly subcutaneous tissue
may accumulate anywhere

54
Q

types of dense CT

A

collagen and some elastin
dense irregular
dense regular

55
Q

dense irregular CT locations

A

fascia

capsules:
testes
liver
lymph nodes
perioosteium (bone)
perichondrium (cartilage)
56
Q

dense regular CT locations

A

tendons
ligaments
aponeuroses

57
Q

what is considered “specialized CT”

A

blood, bone, cartilage

58
Q

RBC/erythrocyte properties/function

A 
O2-Co2 transport
no nucleus
biconcave for inc SA
formed from reticulocytes
avg 33% hemoglobin
59
Q

WBC/leukocyte properties/function

A

more active in CT > serum
cellular and humoral immunity

agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes
granular: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

60
Q

platelets properties/function

A

denose - core granules:

  • serotonin
  • ADP
  • ATP
  • calcium

alpha granules:
blood clotting factors
neutrophil attracting factors

61
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrous

62
Q

hyaline cartilage properties/location

A

covers articular surface of most joints
costal cartilage
nasal cartilage
most of fetal skeleton

63
Q

elastic cartilage properties/location

A

like hyaline with more elastic fibers

areas which need support with flexibility: arytenoid cartilages, external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis

64
Q

fibrous cartilage properties/location

A

tough, supportive cartilage
never occurs alone, always merges with hyaline

locations:
glenoid labrum
acetabular labrum
SC and AC joints
TMJ
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs
65
Q

composition of bone

A

inorganic salts (rigidity): Ca Phos, Ca Carbonate, Ca Fluoride, Mg Flouride

orrganic (strength and resilence): collagen fibers

66
Q

periosteum properties

A

outer surface of compact bone (except articular surfaces)
type of CT
collagen and elastic fibers
sharpeys fibers anchor periosteum to bone

67
Q

compact bone properties

A

haversian system (osteons)

68
Q

diffusion potential

A

potential difference across a membrane bc of a conc difference of ions

69
Q

what turns off the diffusion potential

A

equilibrium potential

70
Q

more negative membrane =

A

polarized

71
Q

moving potential away from negative

A

depolarization

72
Q

types of neurotransmitters and their location

A

small molecule: rapid acting (Dopa, NE, GABA, glycine, glutamate, serotonin) - in CYTOSOL of presynaptic terminal

neuropeptide (large molecule) slow acting (ACTH, TSH) - in NEURONAL CELL BODY, by the ribosomes

73
Q

NTs are released by

A

AP

74
Q

adrenergic NT

A

epi/NE

75
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2

76
Q

a1 receptor excitability/inhibition

A

tubular organs

generally excitatory in vascular (vasoconstriction), inc BP

GI inhibitory

77
Q

a2 receptor excitability/inhibition

A

slow ANS (SNS emergency brake)

78
Q

Dose b1 receptor excite or inhibit? Where are they located?

A

heart

excitatory

79
Q

b2 receptor excitability/inhibition

A

lungs

inhibitory (vasodilation, bronchodilation)

NPLEX I (2022) (20 decks)

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