Session 4: Measurement sclaes and questinaore development

Question 1

When choosing an existing measure (what are the alternatives?)

Answer 1

• most common one
• one with best evidence of reliability and validity
• one that best measures a particular aspect of a construct
• one that would be easiest to use

Question 2

What is survey research?

Answer 2

Survey resaerch is a quantitative and qualitative method with two important characteristics

• variables of interest are measured using self-reports
• strong preference for large random samples

Question 3

Types of survey items

Answer 3

1. Open-ended items

2. Close-ended items

Question 4

Open-ended items

Answer 4

allow repondent to answer in whatever way they want

- best to use when the answer is unsure or for quantities which can easily be converted to categories later

Question 5

Close ended items

Answer 5

Provide several response options that respondents must choose from
- best to use when we have a good idea of different responses that participants might make or when we are interested in a well-definied variable or construct

Question 6

Rating scales

Answer 6

number of responses usually ranke from 3 to 11

• unipolar scales: only one construct is tested
• bipolar sclaes: there is a dichtomous spectrum

Question 7

Survey responding as psychological process

Answer 7

• question interpretaion
• information retrieve
• judgement formation
• response formatting
• response editing

Question 8

Writing survey items - BRUSO

Answer 8

questinaires item should be brief, relevant, unambiguous, specific, objective

Question 9

Writing survey items

Answer 9

• close-ended items: create an appropriate response scale
• categorical items: mutually exclusive and exhaustive
• rating sclale: 5-7, most extreme options should be balance around

Question 10

Formatting the survey

Answer 10

• Introduction
• Questinaire items
• Expression of appreciation

Question 11

Different ways to conduct surveys

Answer 11

• in-person
• by telephone
• though mail/on the internet

Question 12

Non -response bias

Answer 12

occurs when poeple do not respond to the survey differ in important ways from poeple who do respond
- way to reduze bias is maximize the response rates

Question 13

How can you maximize the response rates?

Answer 13

• using in-person interviwes
• prenitifying respondents
• sending reminders to participants
• constructing questinaires that are short and easy to complete
• offering incentives