Immuno. III - Week 5 (Cancer)

Question 1

State and describe the four types of cancers

Answer 1

1. Carcinoma - cancer of the skin or tissues that cover the surfaces of internal organs
2. Sarcoma - cancer of the tissue that support and connect parts or the body
3. Leukemia - cancer of the blood
4. Lymphoma -cancer that begins in the lymphatic system

Question 2

List the types of tumor antigens

Answer 2

1. Viral antigen
2. Differentiation antigen
3. Cancer Germline antigen
4. Overexposed antigen
5. Mutated antigen

Question 3

What are the three primary roles in preventing tumors

Answer 3

1. Elimination or suppression of viral infections
2. Elimination of pathogens and cause resolution of inflammation to prevent tumors genesis
3. Identify and Elimination of tumors through their expression of tumor specific antigens

Question 4

Describe the three Es of cancer immunoediting

Answer 4

1.Elimination
Tumors are eliminated and process is ‘complete’
‘Incomplete’ only some tumor cells are eliminated
2. Equilibrium
Immune cells put all efforts to eliminate remaining tumors
Tumors resist immune response
3. Escape
Immune system does not overcome tumors
Tumors evade Immune system and spread through mechanisms

Question 5

How does the INNATE IMMUNE system respond to tumors

Answer 5

1. APC presents tumor antigen
2. Cytotoxic T cells recognize tumor antigen on tumor cell leading to tumor cell death
3. Helper T cells activate B cells to produce antibodies against tumor antigens on infected cells leading to cell death
4. NK, Dendritic, PMN release chemicals like cytokines, perforin, azurocidin to create antitumor response
5. T regulatory cells cause antitumor response

Question 6

What are the three ways that causes cancer?

Answer 6

1. Changes to genes that control how cells grow and divide
2. Damage to DNA due to environmental factors like smoking, chemicals, UV radiation, virus
3. Heredity

Question 7

What three genetic errors can occur during cell division

Answer 7

1. Point mutation
2. Chromosomal mutation
3. Whole Chromosome mutation

Question 8

How are cells normally regulated during cell division?

Answer 8

1. Check points at phase G1, G2, and M to check for errors

2. Cycling and CDK complexes pushes cells into next phase

Question 9

What are the normal functions of protoco oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell division

Answer 9

1. Protoc oncogenes produces proteins like JAK2 and Ras are positive regulators causes cell division progression
2. Tumor suppressor genes produces proteins that are negative regulators and controls cell cycle speed

Question 10

How does cancer develop from genetics and cell division?

Answer 10

1. Proto oncogenes mutated into oncogenes which stimulate proteins to progress cell cycle
2. Tumor suppressor gene proteins decrease and increased cell division