Period 1 Extras Flashcards

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1
Q

central/south america before colonization

A
  • highly developed civilizations, extensive food supply + trade
  • Mayans (Yucatan Peninsula) go extinct, Aztecs (Mexico and Central America) take over, Incas (Peru)
  • Tenochtitlan: capital of Aztec Empire
  • maize (corn) is important to all 3 civilizations (irrigation + food)
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2
Q

north america before colonization

A
  • not as developed, different types of tribes w/ different lifestyles (depending on region) and dialects
  • differences in environment, geography, climate, resources, and tribal loyalty caused native american groups to develop their own cultures
  • tribes were spread out, making it harder for conquistadores to take over all tribes as opposed to large civilizations in South America
  • hunter-gatherers (buffalo)
  • regions: southewest, great plains, northwest, northeast
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3
Q

southwest native americans

A

navajo, pueblo, apache

  • warlike
  • trade w/ each other
  • irrigation and farming
  • Puebloans lived in large cave complexes as agriculture allowed them to grow their populations
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4
Q

great plains native americans

A

nomadic trives

  • buffalo
  • land = spiritual being
  • teepees (dwellings easy to put up/take down)
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5
Q

mississippi river valley

A
  • permanent settlements established by Woodland American Indians
  • Adena-Hopewell culture famous for large mounds (ex: Cahokia)
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6
Q

northwest native americans

A

kwakuitl, chinook

  • fishing (pacific ocean) + gathering
  • cold temperatures
  • groups isolated by mountain regions, limiting development
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7
Q

northeast native americans

A

iroquois confederation- the first political organization in America (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca)

  • made intricate pottery + baskets to store food and aid farming
  • three-sister farming
  • longhouses (center of life)
  • intertribal violence intensified with trading success
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8
Q

reasons for european exploration (3)

A

technological improvements: renaissance brought new tech (compass, gunpowder, shipbuilding, sails, improved mapmaking)
• Johann Gutenberg made 1st printing press (1450s), helped spread ideas, knowledge, and news (instead of word of mouth)

  • religious conflict
    • the uniting of castile+aragon to form the kingdom of Spain (1469) and the end of the reconquista (exiled the last Moors - 1492) encouraged Ferdinand and Isabella to explore
    • protestant reformation (england, netherlands, germany) spreading their own version of Christianity
  • desire for wealth/power: new trade routes (triangular trade, middle passage), extraction (gold/native labor), establishment (missions/colonies) - St. Augustine 1st
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9
Q

changes in Europe during the Age of Exploration

A
  • small European kingdoms (ex: HRE) replaced by nation-states (people share culture/loyalty towards govt), monarchs emerged
  • feudalism (landowning) replaced by capitalism (controlling capital) as trade grew, having the potential to make voyagers wealthy

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES allowed investors to make profits safely w/o large losses

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10
Q

Columbus and the Spanish

A
  • Columbus approaches Spanish monarchs for funding to explore new trade routes (land route blocked by Ottomans in 1453)
  • led to exchanges in goods, ideas, religion, diseases, economy, and nationalism
  • lands in Bahamas, lies about success (no spices, little gold), died 1506 before realizing he landed in the New World
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11
Q

other voyages sparked by Ottoman blockage of land route

A
  • Prince Henry the navigator of Portugal sponsored voyages

- Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India

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12
Q

establishment of the Spanish

A
  • conquistadors brought ships full of gold/silver, making motherland richer (500% increase in gold)
  • 3 G’s: god, glory, gold
  • encomienda system: crown gave encomenderos the native labor on a tract of land whereby the encomenderos extracted tribute from natives
  • las castas: a racial hierarchy in New Spain that described mixed races and dictated one’s status/rights
  • st. augustine- first European settlement in North America (1565)
  • california missions- encomienda system was used by Father Junipero Serra to construct the chain of missions up the California coast to instruct natives in the Catholic faith (began 1769, so out of Period 1)
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13
Q

settlement of north america- english (slow to develop colonies due to internal affairs)

A

english (1500s)

  • John Cabot explored Newfoundland (1497), Jamestown established (1607)
  • mostly families, not single men (less intermarrying)
  • natives taught english survival skills, but this relationship was short-lived (english did not respect native “savages”) and warfare broke out
  • Henry VIII created the Church of England (Anglican Church) in 1534 for a divorce
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14
Q

settlement of north america- french (slow to develop colonies due to internal affairs)

A

french (1500s - early 1600s)

  • Verrazzno explored east coast (1524), Cartier explored St. Lawrence River
  • seeking converts to Catholicism + furs
  • communicated w/ natives, who knew how to get furs and were more open to converting
  • coureurs de bois: independent fur trappers
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15
Q

settlement of north america- dutch

A

dutch (early 1600s)

  • Hudson river + New Amsterdam
  • didn’t treat natives well
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16
Q

When + where was corn first domesticated? Why is it significant?

A
  • 5000 BCE
  • People in Mexico
  • Those who were hunters/gatherers could partake in settled agriculture + develop villages (chance to settle in one place)
    side note: does not mean people stopped hunting + gathering
17
Q

Which regions are on the drier side?

A
  • Great Basin (fishing [ex: salmon]; use large harpoons; created canoes)
  • Plains
  • Southwest
18
Q

Native American culture of the Southeast]

ex: Cherokees, Choctaws, Chicksaws, creeks, & Seminoles (mississipians)

A
  • Mississippian culture dominant
  • relied on three sister farming (plant corn, beans, and squash together); they created a nutritious diet; came from Hopewellian culture
  • Pottery
  • formed villages around chiefdoms (families ranked by social status + proximity to the chief)
19
Q

[Native American culture of the West]

A

Triblets. (100 to 1000)

20
Q

[Native American culture of the Southwest]

Main groups of the Pueblo people :

A
  • Mogollon
  • Hohokam
  • Anasazi
21
Q

[Native American culture of the Southwest]

Chaco Canyon

A
  • a center for the Anasazi people

- trade hub + home for 12,000 people

22
Q

[Native American culture of the Southwest]

Navajos & Apaches were more nomadic so they had much less permanent homes. Nabajos built ________ with _______ & _______

A
  • hogans
  • mud
  • bark
23
Q

Native American culture of the Northeast]

Native americans settles extensively in this area during the

A

Hopewellian Period

  • due to temp., waterways, good farming conditions