Period 1 But This Is All Exported From Quizlet Bc That App Sucks

Question 1

the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world

cause: Christopher Columbus’ voyages to search for a land route to India/China

• to the New World: smallpox/other diseases, horses (hunting buffalo!), cattle, pigs, wheat, rice, sugarcane
• to the Old World: corn, potatoes, beans, tobacco, syphilis (benefits more)

effect: smallpox and other non-endemic diseases killed 90% of natives, disease + advanced weaponry allowed Europeans to quickly subsidize natives

Answer 1

Columbian exchange

Question 2

16th century Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru for the Spanish Crown. (ex: Cortez, Pizarro)

Answer 2

Conquistadors

Question 3

great fleet of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English “sea dog” ships in the Channel, with the aid of terrible winds and fire ships; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance

Answer 3

Spanish Armada

Question 4

South American empires lasting from 1100s-1533

from which the Spanish traded gold and extracted resources. ended due to disease brought by the Spanish conquistadors

Answer 4

aztec and incan empires

Question 5

capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, Mexico (Mexico City)

Answer 5

tenochtitlán

Question 6

german printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Answer 6

johannes gutenberg

Question 7

a rebirth or revival following the Middle Ages, centering on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

effect: brought new technology (compass, gunpowder, improved shipbuilding, sails, and mapmaking) that allowed the Portuguese and Spanish to explore new trade routes

Answer 7

The renaissance

Question 8

leader of the Aztec Empire during its fall to Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez

Answer 8

Montezuma

Question 9

spanish conquistador who invaded and conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519

Answer 9

Hernán Cortez

Question 10

(1550-1626) spanish conquistador who claimed New Mexico for Spain, was extremely cruel and violent to natives (+ forced conversion to Christianity), and led the 1599 Acoma Massacre, killing hundreds of natives

Answer 10

Juan de oñate

Question 11

a humanist scholar who supported the Spanish Empire’s right to conquest and colonization of the New World. argued that the Spaniards were a superior civilization and had a right to rule the natives (and they should be punished brutally for resistance); also suggested that natives benefited from subjugation (got food+shelter)

argued against Bartolome de Las Casas in the Valladolid Debate (1550-51) regarding the role of natives in Spanish colonies
Image: Juan de Sepulveda

Answer 11

Juan de sepulveda

Question 12

priest in southern Mexico who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans and protected them from exploitation, arguing for their moral equality to Spaniards. succeeded in encouraging the Spanish Crown to pass the 1542 New Laws, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to use coerced native labor

argued against Juan de Sepulveda in the Valladolid Debate (1550-51) regarding the role of natives in Spanish colonies

Answer 12

bartolome de las casas

Question 13

classification system used in New Spain based on an individual’s ancestry; created a racial hierarchy that explained mixed-race classes and dictated a person’s social status, taxes, and rights

allowed the Spanish to maintain power, but created resentment between castes (ex: peninsulares and creoles)

Answer 13

Las castas (caste system)

Question 14

system in which the Spanish Crown granted encomenderos the labor of all the natives on a tract of land; the encomenderos extracted tribute (goods, labor, metal, money) from the natives (ex: farming / working in mines) in exchange for teaching natives about Catholicism, caring for them, and paying a tax to the crown

different from slavery in that the encomienda system had inheritance, trading, and relocation restrictions

encomenderos + Crown profited greatly while natives lost their freedom and underwent depopulation due to being overworked

Answer 14

Ecomienda system

Question 15

required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each African slave they imported to the Americas

Answer 15

Asiento system

Question 16

a highly contagious disease that Europeans unintentionally spread to natives upon their arrival in the New World (Columbian Exchange); 90% of natives died due to the non-endemic disease, facilitating the domination of the New World by European powers

Answer 16

Small pox

Question 17

italian navigator who landed in the Bahamas in 1492 while searching for an alternate route to India for Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella (land route was blocked by Ottomans and sailing around Cape of Good Hope was dangerous)

initiated more contact b/w hemispheres, leading to Columbian Exchange, conquering of the Aztecs/Incas, and exploitation of natives

Answer 17

Christopher Columbus

Question 18

the buying, transporting, and selling of enslaved Africans for work in the Americas (1500s - 1800s); included the Middle Passage, which included unsanitary conditions for slaves

while European countries profited from additional labor, many slaves died on the journey, and the ones who made it to the New World had their freedoms/rights taken away. in Africa, women took on more roles and violence became more common.

Answer 18

Atlantic slave trade

Question 19

Treaty of tordesillas a 1494 agreement b/w Spain and Portugal to divide land in the New World w/ the Line of Demarcation

Portugal got Brazil; Spain got the rest, which was later challenged by other European countries

settled conflicts b/w Spain + Portugal and divided resources, making them each more successful at exploiting/profiting off the natives

Answer 19

Treaty of tordesillas

Question 20

concept that the Spaniards were overly power-hungry and cruel to the natives, stealing their resources/labor and spreading disease (smallpox)

often used by Protestants or other European countries to demonize Spain’s achievements/culture and reduce Spain’s power in the New World

Answer 20

The black legend

Question 21

(1550-51) first European debate regarding the role and treatment of New World natives in the Spanish colonies; caused by the institution of the New Laws (1542) inspired by Bartolome de Las Casas

Bartolome de Las Casas argued that natives are morally equal; Juan Sepulveda argued that natives benefited from subjugation (get food+shelter)
- Spanish view mostly consistent w/ Sepulveda

outcome: neither side won, little changed regarding Indian rights/treatment; opened up future debates regarding morality of colonization

Answer 21

Valladolid debate

Question 22

(1565) first European settlement in North America, built by Spaniards on an ancient native village
effect: made way for more European colonies to be established and for natives’ land to be taken away

Answer 22

St.Augustine

Question 23

(also called “runners of the woods”) independent French fur-trappers who made trading posts in North America and lived among their Indian trading partners, sometimes intermarrying

effect: established contact w/ natives to trade, but harmed their traditions + health with the fur trade

Answer 23

Coureurs de bois

Question 24

sextant- measures the angle b/w two objects

Caravel- small portuguese ships that can sale more closely into the wind; allowed exploration of Africa’s west coast, leading to the Atlantic Slave Trade

astrolabe- used to determine latitude using stars, allowed accuracy of plotted routes

all made maritime explorations possible, leading to the “discovery” and exploitation of the New World and its resources

Answer 24

sextant, caravel and astrolabe

Question 25

a chain of missions in SW US and California founded by Franciscan monks that forced Indian conversion to Catholicism + coerced labor on fields

harmed traditional native culture/religion, increased death due to disease

Answer 25

Spanish mission system

Question 26

revolt of several Pueblo Indian tribes (8000+ natives) led by Popè/Po’pay against the Spanish in Santa Fe, New Mexico; successful until 1692

caused by excessive forced labor through the encomienda system and aggressive conversion to Christianity
- Juan de Oñate claimed New Mexico for Spain 1598; forced Catholicism on Pueblos via destruction of native customs

outcome: Spanish regained control in 1692 and ruled less harshly to achieve greater stability in the lands they controlled
significance: one of the first and most successful resistance movements in American history

Answer 26

pueblo revolt (1680)

Question 27

• eastern canada (ontario and quebec)

- known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, animal totems, and beadwork

Answer 27

algonquin

Question 28

• ontario and upstate new york

- known for their belief in spirits and their longhouses

Answer 28

Iroquois

Question 29

west oregon and washington

- known for being good traders (used waterways to contact other tribes)

Answer 29

Chinook

Question 30

• new mexico

- known for being farmers/herdsmen, having a clan system descending matrilinearly, and following the Kachin religion

Answer 30

Pueblo

Question 31

a person of mixed Native American and african ancestry

Answer 31

Zambo

Question 32

a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Answer 32

Mestizo

Question 33

a runaway slave of African ancestry who formed settlements w/ other maroons

Answer 33

Maroon