APUSH period 3 part one

Question 1

Historic European rivalries, particularly between Great Britain, France, and Spain, had been brought to North America by the earliest immigrants from those nations. While the basis for the conflict between these nations may be found in Europe, disputes between them in their colonies served to intensify their differences. While Britain eventually triumphed in a series of 18th century wars, victory was at a cost that they never could have imagined: the rebellion and the loss of their Atlantic coast colonies.

Answer 1

intro to seven years war

Question 2

series of wars broke out involving Great Britain, France, and Spain.
- The stakes were high for power in Europe and for control of colonies and their lucrative trade.

Answer 2

Empires at War, 1689-1763

Question 3

the most valuable possessions were sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean Sea and the fur-trading network with American Indians in the interior of ____ ______

Answer 3

North America valuable posessions

Question 4

named after the British monarch under whose reign they occurred

Answer 4

The First Three Wars

Question 5

The First Three Wars
- the British launched expeditions to capture Quebec from the French, but they failed. American Indians supported by the French burned British frontier settlements.

Answer 5

King William’s War (1689-1697)

Question 6

The First Three Wars
- the British had more success. They gained both Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in Spanish America.

Answer 6

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

Question 7

The First Three Wars
- James Oglethorpe led a colonial army that repulsed Spanish attacks. in georgia
- New Englanders captured Louisbourg in Canada, a major French fortress on Cape Breton Island that controlled access to the St. Lawrence River.
- peace treaty ending the war,ritain returned Louisbourg to the French in exchange for political and economic gains in India,New Englanders were furious about the loss

Answer 7

King George’s War (1744-1748)

Question 8

They produced grain, fish, tobacco, lumber and other products that fueled British industry.

Answer 8

british colonies

Question 9

A series of conflicts which occurred in North America between 1688 and 1763 and were related to the European dynastic wars.
- From the British point of view, the French provoked the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley. One reason the French did so was to halt the westward growth of the British colonies
- to stop the French, the governor of Virginia sent a small militia (armed force) under the command of a young colonel named George Washington

Answer 9

Seven Year War (French and Indian War)

Question 10

• plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
• Recognizing the need for coordinating colonial defense, the British government had called for representatives from several colonies to meet in a congress at Albany, New York, i
• Franklin provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the various colonies for their common defense.
  -Albany congress was significant, however, because it set a precedent for later, more revolutionary, congresses in the 1770s.

Answer 10

The Albany Plan of Union

Question 11

-The British prime minister, William Pitt, concentrated the government’s military strategy on conquering Canada.
- retaking of Louisbourg in 1758, surrender Quebec to General James Wolfe in 1759, and the taking of Montreal in 1760.
- After the British victory in the Seven Years’ War, colonists hoped to reap benefits in the form of access to western lands. For the British to deny such benefits was infuriating. Defying the proclamation, thousands streamed westward past the imaginary boundary line drawn by the British.
-growing british-colonial tensions

Answer 11

British Victory

Question 12

Ended the French and Indian War
- European powers negotiated a peace treaty
- acquired both French Canada and Spanish Florida.
- compensation for Spain’s loss of Florida, France ceded to Spain its huge territory west of the Mississippi River known as Louisiana
- British extended their control of North America, and French power on the continent virtually ended.

Answer 12

Peace Treaty of Paris

Question 13

• It gave Great Britain unchallenged supremacy among Europeans in North America.
• It challenged the autonomy of many American Indians.
• It established the British as the dominant naval power in the world.
• It meant that the American colonies no longer faced the threat of concerted attacks from the French, the Spanish, and their American Indian allies.

Answer 13

Immediate Effects of the seven years War

Question 14

• low opinion of the colonial military abilities. held the American militia in contempt as a poorly trained, disorderly rabble.
• Most British were convinced that the colonists were both unable and unwilling to defend the new frontiers of the vastly expanded British empire.

Answer 14

The British View of the seven year War

Question 15

• They were proud of their record in all four wars and developed confidence that they could successfully provide for their own defense. They were not impressed with the British troops or leadership, as their methods of warfare seemed badly suited to the densely wooded terrain of eastern America.

Answer 15

The Colonial View of the War

Question 16

• Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and had not enforced its navigation acts regulating colonial trade.
• This earlier policy of ________ was abandoned as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of their expanded North American dominions.

Answer 16

Salutary Neglect

Question 17

• All four wars—and the last one in particular—had been extremely costly. In addition, Britain now felt the need to maintain a large British military force to guard its American frontiers.

British landowners,
-pressure was building to reduce the heavy taxes that the government had levied to fund the colonial wars.
- King George III and the dominant political party in Parliament (the Whigs) wanted the American colonies to bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire. To pay for troops to guard the frontier without increasing taxes at home,

Answer 17

british empire debt

Question 18

• The first major test of the new British imperial policy
  -Chief Pontiac led an attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier.
  -American Indians were angered by the growing westward movement of European settlers onto their land + by the British refusal to offer gifts as the French had done.
  -alliance of American Indians in the Ohio River Valley destroyed forts and settlements from New York to Virginia.
  -Rather than relying on colonial forces to retaliate, the British sent regular British troops to put down the uprising.

Answer 18

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Question 19

• A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
• an effort to stabilize the western frontier
• The British hoped that limiting settlements would prevent future hostilities between colonists and American Indians. But the colonists reacted to the proclamation with anger
• the first of a series of acts by the British government that angered colonists. From the British point of view, the acts were justified as a fair, proper method for protecting its colonial empire and making the colonies pay their share for such protection. From the colonists’ view, each act represented an alarming threat to their liberties.

Answer 19

Proclamation of 1763

Question 20

• raise funds to support British military forces in the colonies,
• an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
• enacted by Parliament in 1765, required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements. This was the first direct tax

Answer 20

Stamp Act

Question 21

The chief reason for their discontent in these years was a dramatic change in Britain’s colonial policy. Britain began to assert its power in the colonies and to collect taxes and enforce trade laws much more aggressively than in the past. While some colonists accepted these changes, others grew angry in defense of what they viewed as violations of their political rights and their ability to carry on trade and commerce freely. As anger spread, colonists from Massachusetts to Georgia began to unite in protest of British actions.

Answer 21

What caused American colonists in the 1760s to become, as John Adams expressed, “more attentive to their liberties”?

Question 22

• also known as the Revenue Act of 1764
• placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries
• regulate the sugar trade and to raise revenue.
• stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop smugglers
• Those accused of smuggling were to be tried in admiralty courts by crown-appointed judges without juries.

Answer 22

The Sugar Act (1764)

Question 23

• Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.
• This act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Answer 23

Quartering Act of 1765

Question 24

• colonist sent letter to parliament as protest. sons of liberty and daughters of liberty formed and they boycotted british goods. stamp act gets repealed.
• Patrick Henry spoke for many when he stood up in the House of Burgesses to demand that the king’s government recognize the rights of all citizens
• In Massachusetts, James Otis initiated a call for cooperative action among the colonies to protest the Stamp Act.
• representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 to form the so-called Stamp Act Congress.

Answer 24

Reaction to Stamp Act

Question 25

• The protest against the Stamp Act took a violent turn
• a secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents. Members of this society sometimes destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered revenue officials.

Answer 25

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Question 26

• Boycotts against British imports were the most effective form of protest
• dont purchase any article of British origin

Answer 26

Economic Pressure

Question 27

• Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.
• Grenville was replaced by another prime minister, and Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act.
• This act asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” This declaration of policy would soon lead to renewed conflict between the colonists and the British government.

Answer 27

Declaratory Act (1766)

Question 28

The British government still needed new revenue. To obtain it, the newly appointed chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Townshend, proposed another tax measure.

Answer 28

Second Phase of the Crisis, 1767-1773

Question 29

• collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper. The revenue would be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, thus making the officials independent of the colonial assemblies that had paid their salaries.
  -search of private homes for smuggled goods.(wits of assistance)
  -A related act suspended New York’s assembly for its defiance of the Quartering Act.
  -At first, most colonists accepted the taxes because they were paid by merchants who then raised their prices to cover the additional costs( indirect ). They were not direct taxes that consumers paid on their purchases.
  -they rejected taxation without representation as a violation of an essential principle of English law.

Answer 29

The Townshend Acts In 1767

Question 30

All that an official needed to conduct such a search would be ______ (a general license to search anywhere) rather than a judge’s warrant to search a specific property.

Answer 30

a writ of assistance (during the townshed act)

Question 31

• Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.
• made these points in Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania. He argued that Parliament could regulate colonial commerce, but if it wanted to tax colonists, it had to have the approval of assemblies that included colonial representatives.

Answer 31

John Dickinson

Question 32

• wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter
  -sent copies to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials in Boston ordered the letter retracted, threatened to dissolve the legislature, and increased the number of British troops. Responding to the circular letter, the colonists again conducted boycotts of British goods. Merchants increased their smuggling to avoid the Townshend duties.

Answer 32

James Otis and Samuel Adams (1768)

Question 33

• Lord Frederick North urged Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts because they damaged trade and generated a disappointingly small amount of revenue.

Answer 33

Repeal of the Townshend Acts

Question 34

• The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans
• Among them was Crispus Attucks, a dockworker of mixed African and American Indian heritage, who would later become a symbol for the antislavery movement.
• At their trial for murder, the six soldiers were defended by colonial lawyer John Adams. They were acquitted of murder, but two were convicted on the less serious charge of manslaughter.
• Most Bostonians resented the British troops quartered in their city to protect customs officials from attacks by the Sons and Daughters of Liberty.
• Adams’ radical cousin, Samuel Adams, angrily denounced the shooting incident as a “massacre” and used it to inflame anti-British feeling.

Answer 34

Boston Massacre

Question 35

• American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
• kept alive the view that British officials were undermining colonial liberties. A principal device for spreading this idea was by means of the Committees of Correspondence initiated by/_______ in 1772.
• began the practice of organizing committees that would regularly exchange letters about suspicious or potentially threatening British activities. The Virginia House of Burgesses took the concept a step further when it organized intercolonial committees in 1773.

Answer 35

Samuel Adams

Question 36

• ______, a British customs ship that had caught several smugglers.
• In 1772, it ran aground off the shore of Rhode Island. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonists disguised as American Indians ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship. The British ordered a commission to investigate and bring guilty individuals to Britain for trial.

Answer 36

The Gaspee

Question 37

• A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
• Hoping to help the British East India Company out of its financial problems, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, which made the price of the company’s tea—even with the tax included—cheaper than that of smuggled Dutch tea.
• Many Americans refused to buy the cheaper tea because to do so would, in effect, recognize Parliament’s right to tax the colonies.
• many applauded the Boston Tea Party as a defense of liberty, others thought the destruction of private property too radical.

Answer 37

Boston Tea Party

Question 38

• series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party
• news of the Boston Tea Party angered King George III, Lord North, and members of Parliament. In retaliation, the British government enacted a series of punitive acts (the Coercive Acts), together with a separate act dealing with French Canada (the Quebec Act).

Answer 38

Intolerable Acts

Question 39

There were four Coercive Acts, directed mainly at punishing the people of Boston and Massachusetts and bringing them under control.

Answer 39

The Coercive Acts (1774)

Question 40

• closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for.

Coercive Acts

Answer 40

The Port Act

Question 41

educed the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor.

Coercive Acts

Answer 41

The Massachusetts Government Act

Question 42

allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in the colonies.

Coercive Acts

Answer 42

Administration of Justice Act

Question 43

was expanded to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes. It applied to all colonies.

Coercive Acts

Answer 43

The Quartering Act

Question 44

Extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens.

When it passed the Coercive Acts, the British government also passed a law organizing the Canadian lands gained from France. To satsify the French-speaking Canadians, the act established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec. It also set up a government without a representative assembly and extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio River. The plan, accepted by French Canadians, was resented in the 13 colonies.

Answer 44

Quebec Act (1774)

Question 45

• Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.
• colonists viewed the Quebec Act as a direct attack on the American colonies because it took away their lands
• They also feared that the British would attempt to enact similar laws in America to take away their representative government.

Answer 45

colonists view on the quebec act

Question 46

The era of the Enlightenment was at its peak in the mid-18th century. These were the very years that future leaders of the American Revolution (Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams) were coming to maturity, and their ideas reflected the influence of Enlightenment thought.

Answer 46

Enlightenment

Question 47

• A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
• established natural laws in creating the universe and then rarely or never intervened directly in human affairs. God set the rules but then allowed people to make choices.

Answer 47

Deism

Question 48

• A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
• their trust in reason led them to emphasize studying science and human behavior rather than following traditional interpretations of the Bible.

Answer 48

Rationalism

Question 49

• A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
• This idea represented a sharp break from the prevailing assumption that monarchs ruled by divine right—because God had chosen them. Under the ____, power came from “below,” not from “above.” This philosophy, derived from John Locke and others, had been developed further by the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Answer 49

Social Contract

Question 50

• His pamphlet, Common Sense, argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should become independent states and break all political ties with the British monarchy. argued that it was contrary to common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and for people to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt and whose laws were unreasonable.
• The pamphlet spread rapidly throughout the colonies and ignited public demands for independence
• directly attacked King George III and even the ideas of a monarchy. ____ success was based largely on his ability to make complicated, abstract ideas understandable for common readers. -Common Sense became a key factor in widening the divide between the colonies and Great Britain.

Answer 50

Thomas Paine’s Argument for Independence