Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Planning > Planning history and theory > Flashcards

Planning history and theory Flashcards

1
Q

When and How was the APA founded?

A

On October 1, 1978, The APA emerged from the consolidation of the American Institute of Certified Planners and the American Society of Planning Officials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When was the first National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington DC?

A

1909

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were the predecessors of the American Planning Association and when were they founded?

A

American Institute of Planners (AIP) was founded in 1917 as the American City Planning Institute. It was renamed AIP in 1939.

The American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded in 1934

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where and when was the first planning course taught in the United States?

A

Harvard University, landscape architecture department, 1909

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When was Walter Moody’s “Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago” published and what is its significance?

A

It was adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Flavel Shurtleff’s “Carrying Out the City Plan” written and what was it’s significance?

A

The first major textbook on city planning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When was the American City Planning Institute (ACPI) founded and who was the first president?

A

1917

Frederick Law Olmsted, jr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When was the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association?

A

1925

published by the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When was the American Society of Planning Officials founded?

A

1934

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When was the Code of Ethics for Professional Planners adopted by the American Institute of Planners (AIP)?

A

1971

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was the first exam for AIP membership administered?

A

1977

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When did the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning publish the first issue of the “Journal of Planning Education and Research?”

A

1981

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which city passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses in 1867?

A

San Francisco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In 1903, Cleveland created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. Who were responsible for its development?

A

Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in 1906, San Francisco was the first major American city to apply _________________ principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham?

A

City Beautiful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where was the first town planning board created in 1907?

A

Hartford, CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In 1909, Who created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago?

A

Daniel Burnham

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which was the first state to pass enabling legislation?

A

Wisconsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development?

A

Los Angeles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in 1914, which city hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission and who were they?

A

Newark, New Jersey

Harland Bartholomew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The first comprehensive zoning code adopted in New York City in 1916 was written by who?

A

Edward Basset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In 1922, which county formed the first regional planning commission?

A

Los Angeles County

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In 1924, Who issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act?

A

Secretary Herbert Hoover of the U.S. Department of Commerce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In 1925, which was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan?

Who produced the plan?

A

Cincinnati

Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in 1928, the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released which Act?

A

The Standard City Planning Enabling Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In 1933, the first U.S. National Planning Board was created. What happened to it?

A

It was later renamed the National Resources Planning Board and then abolished in 1943.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where and when was the first federally supported public housing constructed?

A

1934, Cleveland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where the the first occupied federally supported public housing?

A

Atlanta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which state was the first to introduce statewide zoning and when?

A

Hawaii

1961

later amended in 1978

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Books

“How the Other Half Lives”

A

by Jacob Riis
published 1890

This book resulted in housing reform in NYC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Books

“Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform”

A

by Ebenezer Howard
published 1898

This book initiated the Garden City movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Books

“Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago”

A

by Walter Moody
published 1912

This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Books

“Carrying out the City Plan”

A

by Flavel Shurtleff
published 1914

This was the first major textbook on city planning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Books

“Cities in Evolution”

A

by Patrick Geddes
published 1915

This book centers on regional planning, and Geddes is known as the “father of regional planning.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Books

“Planning of the Modern City”

A

by Nelson Lewis
published 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Books

“Local Planning Administration”

A

by Ladislas Segoe
published 1941

This book was the first in the Green Book series produced by the international City/County Management Association.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Books

“Urban Land Use Planning”

A

by F. Stuart Chapin
published 1957

This book became a common textbook on land use planning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Books “Image of the City”

A

by Kevin Lynch
published 1960

This book defines the basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Books

“The Death and Life of Great American Cities”

A

by Jane Jacobs
published 1961

Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Silent Spring

A

by Rachel Carson
published 1962

This book focusses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Books

“The Urban General Plan”

A

by TJ Kent
published 1964

This book marked a change in the philosophy of planning. Planning was now more comprehensive and seen as “multi-layered matrixes.” The goal of planning was no longer an ideal state, but “an activity stream relating to problems and goal definition, program design … and evaluation.”

Kent exemplified the change and provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.

42
Q

Books

“With Heritage So Rich”

A

edited by Alfred Reins
published 1966

This is a seminal book on historic preservation

43
Q

Books

“Design with Nature”

A

by Ian McHarg
published 1969

This book focuses on conservation design using an overlay technique that was later the basis of GIS.

44
Q

Books

“The Social life of Small Urban Spaces”

A

by Willian Whyte
published in 1980

this book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design

45
Q

Charles Abrams

A

Created the New York Housing Authority.

In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that was highly critical of U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.

46
Q

Thomas Adams

A

Important planner during the Garden City Movement

he was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth, U.K.

he developed several Garden City suburbs in England

later taught at Harvard and MIT

47
Q

Saul Alinsky

A

Advocate of community organizing

organized Chicago’s poor in late 1930s and 1940s

“Reveille for Radicals,” published 1946, encouraged poor to get involved in American democracy

“Rules for Radicals,” provided 13 rules for community organizing.

48
Q

Sherry Arnstein

A

wrote “Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association, 1969

describes level of involvement by citizens depending on form of participation

49
Q

Daniel Burnham

A

Chicago architect and prominent proponent of the City Beautiful movement

behind the 1883 Columbian Exposition

1909 Plan of Chicago

“make no little plans. They have no fire to stir men’s blood.”

50
Q

Rachel Carson

A

wrote “Silent Spring” an important book in environmental planning

51
Q

Robert Moses

A

Transformed New York’s public works from the 1930s through the 50s.

He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways.

He built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels and public housing.

52
Q

John Nolen

A

designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect.

created the first comprehensive plan in Florida

contributed to park system in Madison, Wisconsin

designed Venice, FL

53
Q

Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.

A

the father of landscape architecture

responsible for many of the nations most important parks including Central Park, Prospect Park, Niagra reservation, university campus landscapes

park design team for Riverside Illinois, laid out in 1868

54
Q

Clarence Perry

A

developed the neighborhood unit concept which was implemented in Radburn, NJ.

key contributor to 1929 “Regional Survey of New York and its Environs”

55
Q

Paolo Soleri

A

architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, an experimental utopian city in AZ, focussed on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.

56
Q

Clarence Stein

A

designed Sunnyside Gardens in Queens; Radburn, NJ; and other garden suburbs in the U.S.

He was a major proponent of the Garden City Movement

wrote “New Town for America” in 1951

57
Q

Rexford Tugwell

A

head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal

worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought the construction of new, self-sufficient cities

developed Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Administration community.

later served on the New York City Planning Commission

served as governor of Puerto Rico

58
Q

Sir Raymond Unwin

A

an English town planner and designer of Letchworth

later lectured at University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University

wrote “Town Planning in Practice” in 1909

59
Q

Catherine Bauer Wurster

A

a founder of American housing policy

worked to reform housing and city planning related policies

served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America

wrote “Modern Housing” published in 1934

influential in the passing of the Housing Act of 1937

60
Q

City Beautiful Movement

A

Late 1800’s to early 1900’s

Daniel Burnham was the lead promoter

Proponents believed they could make the city clean, virtuous and moral with design. The movement was a response to severe poverty, crime, and blight

Resulted in Beaux-Arts style civic centers across the US.

The White City, model civic center designed by Burnham for the 1883 Columbia Exposition in Chicago

the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C. is another example.

61
Q

The McMillan Plan

A

1901

Sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s plan for Washington DC

sponsored by Senator James McMillan

The Commission included Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., and Charles McKim.

62
Q

The Garden City Movement

A

1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.

book reissued in 1902 as “Garden Cities of To-morrow”

Howard formed “Garden City Association in England in 1899.

A garden city is a self-contained city intended to bring about economic and social.

Influential in the US

63
Q

What is a Garden City?

A

A garden city is a self-contained city of 32,000 residents on 6,000 acres. the city would house 30,000 of the people on 1,000 acres, while the remainder would live on the remaining area in farming areas. Land ownership would be held in a corporation.

64
Q

What was the first Garden City?

A

Letchworth, England was constructed in 1903

65
Q

What was the New Town Movement in the US?

A

It was influenced by the Garden City movement and the construction of Letchworth, England

66
Q

Who promoted the Garden City movement in the United States?

A

The Regional Planning Association of America, led by Lewis Mumford

Benton MacKaye (who conceived the Appalachian trail)

and others

67
Q

When and where was the first Garden City attempted in the U.S.?

A

Sunnyside Gardens, Queens in 1922

Clarance Stein devised a plan for 1,202 housing units on 77 acres.

The development was more of the planned community than a Garden City.

68
Q

When and where was the first Garden City constructed in America?

A

1928, Radburn, NJ

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright

69
Q

The City Efficient

A

aka City Scientific

A reaction against the City Beautiful movement which was too concerned with beauty and not enough with efficiency and function

denounced City Beautiful movement at the first National Planning conference in 1909

70
Q

The City Humane

A

arose in the 1930s following the Great Depression.

primarily concerned with jobs and housing

71
Q

Resettlement Administration

A

Established by president Roosevelt in 1935, during Great Depression.

Responsible for the Greenbelt towns program (or Green Towns Program)

72
Q

The Greenbelt Towns Program

A

The Resettlement Administration developed three cities based on Howard’s ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland.

73
Q

New Towns Act

A

Great Britain, 1946 (following WWII)

led to the development of more than 12 towns based on Howard’s ideas

most Garden Cities that were developed lacked industry and true city centers and became just residential suburbs

74
Q

Park Forest, Illinois

A

developed as a New Town in the US following WWII

75
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

provided for the rectangular land survey of the old northwest

the survey was completed following the end of the revolutionary war and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.

76
Q

The Homestead Act

A

1862

passed by Congress, provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and guaranteed 5 years of residence.

result was the settlement of 270 million acres, or 1/10 of the U.S. land area

77
Q

Morrill Act

A

1862

allowed new western states to establish colleges

aka Land Grant College Act

78
Q

General Land Law Revision Act

A

1891, passed by Congress

Gave the president the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.

79
Q

Forest Management Act

A

1897, allowed the secretary of the interior to manage forest preserves.

80
Q

1902 U.S. Reclamation Act

A

allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems

81
Q

Public Lands Commission

A

1903, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt to propose rules for land development and management.

82
Q

1906 Antiquities Act

A

first law to provide federal protection for archeological sites.

The Act allowed for the designation of national monuments.

83
Q

the Resettlement Administration

A

formed in 1935 to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform.

result was the development of Greenbelt towns

84
Q

1944, The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

A

aka the GI Bill

guaranteed home loans to veterans

the result was rapid development of suburbs

85
Q

Chicago Plan of 1909

A

Daniel Burnham

the first regional plan in the US

incorporated ideas of City Beautiful Movement
waterfront development, parks, civic center spaces

criticized for failing to address issues: poverty, transportation efficiency, did not forsee automobile impacts

86
Q

The Cincinnati Plan

A

1925

first comprehensive plan

Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

focussed on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.

87
Q

The Regional Plan for New York and its Environs

A

1922 - 1929

focussed on suburban development, highway construction, suburban recreational facilities.

Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford were involved

88
Q

The U.S. Housing Act of 1954

A

huge impetus for comprehensive planning

act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under section 701.

criticism was that plans were created mainly for the acquisition of federal funds

89
Q

Second Regional Plan of New York and its Environs

A

1970

addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation

was exemplary of a shift in focus in comprehensive planning towards social issues: equity, neighborhood preservation, affordable housing, environmental protection, historic preservation.

90
Q

When did Oregon and Minnesota pass laws requiring comprehensive planning?

A

1970’s

91
Q

When did Florida pass a law requiring comprehensive planning?

A

1985

92
Q

What are the four theories of Urban Development?

A

Concentric Circle
Sector
Multiple Nuclei
Central Place

93
Q

Concentric Circle Theory

A

1925

Ernest Burgess, sociologist who studied Chicago’s growth

believed cities grew outwards in a series of rings and land use is based on distance from downtown.

  1. CBD, governmental, commercial and office use
  2. Industrial Zone
  3. Transition Zone, mix of industrial and low-income housing (before was high income with large houses)
  4. Middle Class Housing Zone
  5. Commuter Zone, higher income housing
94
Q

Bid rent curve

A

inspired by Burgess Concentric Circle Theory

theory explaining land use patterns based on how much people are willing to pay for land, and the profits they are likely to receive from business on that land

CBD most expensive and profitable

95
Q

Sector Theory

A

1939

Homer Hoyt

argued against Burgess concentric theory.

believed land uses vary based on transportation routes. the city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the city center.

96
Q

Multiple Nuclei Theory

A

Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman

1945

argued that cities develop in a series of specific land use nuclei. A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses.

97
Q

Central Place Theory

A

Walter Christaller

1933

used to explain the size and spacing of cities. There is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people who are willing to travel to receive goods and services.

also used to explain hierarchy of retail establishments in cities (nail salon every block, grocery store every 10 blocks, shopping center farther away)

98
Q

First Amendment

A

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Association

applies to adult uses and signs, religious facilities, and group homes.

99
Q

Fifth Amendment

A

Just compensation for takings

cases of takings and eminent domain

100
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A

Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection

due process can be applied to takings, eminent domain, and exactions.

substantive due process is about the validity of the rule itself (aesthetics)

procedural due process is about whether the rules were applied fairly (how was an ordinance applied?)

Equal protection, often applied to exclusionary zoning

101
Q

Alfred Bettman

A

Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”

Planning (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions