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ap human geo > chapter 1: intro to human geo > Flashcards

chapter 1: intro to human geo Flashcards

1
Q

Fieldwork

A

The study of phenomenon by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places

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2
Q

Human Geography

A

One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities and landscapes

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3
Q

Physical Geography

A

the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and loccation of earth’s natural phenomenon such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography

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4
Q

Globalization

A

The expansion of economic, political, , and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales

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5
Q

Spatial

A

Pertaining to space on the Earth’s surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic

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6
Q

Spatial Distribution

A

Physical location of geographic phenomena across space

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7
Q

Medical Geography

A

The study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases.

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8
Q

Pandemics

A

An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide

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9
Q

Epidemics

A

regional outbreak of a disease

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10
Q

Spatial Perspective

A

observing variation sin geographic phenomena across space

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11
Q

Five Themes

A
  • location
  • human-environment
  • region
  • place
  • movement
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12
Q

Location

A

The geographical situation of people and things

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13
Q

Location Theory

A

A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural location theory contained in the von Thünen model is a leading example

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14
Q

Human Environment Interactions

A

Reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment

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15
Q

Region

A

an area on the earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon

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16
Q

Place

A

uniqueness of a location

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17
Q

Sense of Place

A

state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning an demotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with certain character

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18
Q

Perception of Place

A

Belief or :understanding” about a place developed through books, movies, stories, or pictures

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19
Q

Movement

A

the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet

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20
Q

Spatial Interaction

A

the degree of flow of people, ideas, and goods among places.

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21
Q

Distance

A

Measurement of the physical space between two places

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22
Q

Accessibility

A

the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations. Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured.

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23
Q

Connectivity

A

connectedness of a node in the world economy to other nodes along networks

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24
Q

Landscape

A

the overall appearance of an area. Most landscapes are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences

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25
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants

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26
Q

Sequent Occupancy

A

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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27
Q

Cartography

A

The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns

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28
Q

Reference Maps

A

maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude

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29
Q

Thematic Maps

A

maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon

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30
Q

Absolute Location

A

The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds (coordinates)

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31
Q

Mental Maps

A

Image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual’s perception, impression, and knowledge of that space

32
Q

Activity Spaces

A

The space within which daily activities occurs

33
Q

Terra Incognita

A

areas on maps that are not well defined because they are off limits or unknown to the map maker

34
Q

Generalized Maps

A

helps us see general trends, but not all cases of a phenomenon

35
Q

Remote Sensing

A

a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (eg. satellites) that are physically distant from the area or objectivity of study

36
Q

Geographic Information Systems

A

a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

37
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

satellite based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

38
Q

Geocatching

A

a hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the internet by other geocatchers

39
Q

Relative Location

A

The regional position or situation of. a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect relative location

40
Q

Rescale

A

Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (eg. the use of internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative)

41
Q

Formal Region

A

a type of region marked by a certain d degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region

42
Q

Functional Region

A

a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it

43
Q

Perceptual Region

A

a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically determined demarcated entity. eg. “ the south “

44
Q

Culture

A

the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. - Anthropologist Ralph Linton

45
Q

Culture Trait

A

a single element of a normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban

46
Q

Culture Conplex

A

a related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils

47
Q

Cultural Hearth

A

heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin, of a major culture

48
Q

Independent Invention

A

the term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other

49
Q

Diffusion

A

the spatial spreading or dissemination of a culture element or some other phenomenon

50
Q

Time-Distance Decay

A

The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point or origin or source

51
Q

Cultural Barriers

A

prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas, or practices unacceptable or unadaptable in that particular culture

52
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination

53
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. an urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence

54
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

the distance controlled spreading of an idea, innovation or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person — analogous to the communication of contagious illnesses

55
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

56
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones

57
Q

Geographic Concepts

A

ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions

58
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over aspects of human life “ environmentalism “

59
Q

Possibilism

A
  • response to determinism
    human decision making is the crucial factor in cultural development, not the environment. this idea is constrained by the limits of human choice
60
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

the multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

61
Q

Political Ecology

A

an approach to studying nature society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated

62
Q

latitude

A

horizantal

63
Q

longitude

A

vertical

64
Q

absolute location

A

exact coordinates

65
Q

relative location

A

where you are close to

66
Q

international date line

A

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

67
Q

meridian

A

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.

68
Q

polder

A

A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.

69
Q

prime meridian

A

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

70
Q

principle meridian

A

A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the U.S.

71
Q

relocation diffusion

A

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

72
Q

site

A

the physical character of a place

73
Q

situation

A

the location of a place relative to other places

74
Q

space-time compression

A

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

75
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

76
Q

vernacular region

A

An area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity (perceptual region)

ap human geo (12 decks)

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