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ap human geo > chapter 10: development > Flashcards

chapter 10: development Flashcards

1
Q

commodity chain

A

links that connect places around the world to help create a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market
ex. designed in CA, parts made in MX, manufactured in China, then shipped back to CA for distribution

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2
Q

break-of-bulk location

A

a location where goods are set to be transported from one carrier to another
ex. cargo on train to bus to plane to ship etc

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3
Q

GNP

A

gross national product
total value of all goods/services produced by a country’s ECONOMY in a year; whether they are located in the country or not

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4
Q

GDP

A

gross domestic product
**

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5
Q

GNI

A

gross natl income
total amount of money earned by a nations people, businesses, and shares in other countries

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6
Q

per capita GNI

A

the dollar value earned by a nation’s people/businesses divided by population

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7
Q

formal economy

A

the legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a gov’s gnp

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8
Q

informal economy

A

economis activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a gov; not included in that gov’s gnp

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9
Q

digital divide

A

the gap in access to telecommunications between developed and developing countries

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10
Q

millenium development goals

A
  1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. universal education
  3. gender equality
  4. reduce child mortality
  5. maternal health
  6. combatting disease
  7. environmental stability
  8. global partnership
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11
Q

modernization model

A

(rostow) if you follow the behavior of rich countries YOU TOO CAN BE RICH
- upward mobility

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12
Q

context

A

the geographical situation in which something occurs and what is happening outside of its own scale

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13
Q

neo-colonialism

A

the entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise

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14
Q

structuralist theory

A

model of develop that treats economic desparities among countries as a result of historically derived (colonization) power relations within the global economic system
tldr: colonialism has long lasting effects on countries’ development

tldr: its basically impossible for upwards mobility

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15
Q

dependency theory

A

critiques modernization model → colonialism has created arrangements that keep the colonial powers wealthy and the colonies poor

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16
Q

dollaraization

A

when poorer countries tie currency to a wealthier country/completely abandon their own

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17
Q

world systems theory

A

(wallerstein)
social change in developing world is linked to the economic activities of the developed world

in a capitalist world we can never be all equal

18
Q

three tier structure

A

core, periphery, and semiperiphery

19
Q

trafficking

A

when a family send a child to a labor recruiter in hopes of receiving money for their work

20
Q

structural readjustment loans

A

loans granted by institutions such as the World Bank & the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and semiperiphery in exchange for gov and economic reforms

→ rich get rich and the poor stay poor

21
Q

washington consensus

A
  1. free trade raises the wellbeing of all countries
  2. competition allows long term growth
22
Q

neoliberalism

A

economic control moves from state to private sector
- they make all the policies
- lasseiz fare

23
Q

EPZs

A

export processing zones
zones est by countries in the periphery and semiperiphery where they offer favorable trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

24
Q

maquiladoras

A

the term given to zones in northern mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the us with low wage workers

25
Q

SEZs

A

special economic zones
specific area within a country in hich tax incentives & less regulations attract foreign business and investment

26
Q

NAFTA

A

north american free trade agreement
agreement btwn canada, mexico, & us to eliminate the barriers to trade in and facilitate the cross-border mvmt of goods and services btwn the countries

27
Q

desertification

A

when areas become more like deserts because of the overuse of soil and shifts in environmental zones

28
Q

island of development

A

place built up by government or corp to attract foreign investment

29
Q

NGOs

A

nongovernmental organizations
international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues

30
Q

microcredit program

A

program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage and develop small businesses

31
Q

barriers to development: social conditions

A
  • high birthrate,
  • too many dependents,
  • inadequate nutrition,
  • terrible hygiene,
  • inadequate healthcare (more orphans → small workforce)
  • no clean water,
  • lack of ed,
  • high illiteracy
  • gender inequality
32
Q

barriers to development: foreign debt

A

repaying wealthy/worldbank/international monetary fund
- structural adjustment loans (loans with strings)

33
Q

barriers to development: political instability

A
  • gov not able to maintain control
  • gap btwn rich and poor
  • competition amongst groups
  • decolonization effects
34
Q

5 stages

A

traditional
preconditions to “takeoff”
“takeoff”
drive to maturity
high mass consumption

35
Q

stage 1: traditional

A

self sustaining, slow tech, rigid social structure

36
Q

stage 2: preconditions to “takeoff”

A

more tech, involved gov with flexibility, diversification of economy

37
Q

stage 3: takeoff

A

SEMI
industrialization, sustained growth, urbanization, better tech

38
Q

stage 4: drive to maturity

A

specialization in industrialization
tech diffused to all

39
Q

stage 5: high mass consumption

A

CORE
services, high tech, high income

40
Q

flaws in traditional measurments of development

A

masks uneven distribution of wealth, doesnt meausre costs

41
Q

alt measures

A

role of tech, production, transportation, speed of communication

ap human geo (12 decks)

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