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anatomy 1-9 > L9: anatomy of glands > Flashcards

L9: anatomy of glands Flashcards

1
Q

Any gland in our body is derived from:

A

Epithelia

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2
Q

2 types of epithelium:

A
  • The lining of the epithelium (lumen of the intestine)

- Covering epithelium (cover outer surface of the skin)

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3
Q

During fetal development, epithelial cells:

A
  • proliferate
  • and penetrate the underlying connective tissue
  • and differentiate into glandular epithelial tissue
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4
Q

what type of gland is it If secretion from the glandular tissue reaches the surface of the lining or covering epithelium by a duct lined with epithelium

A

Exocrine gland

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5
Q

The glandular tissue loses its connection with lining epithelium from which it developed
and develops into the (what type of gland)

A

endocrine gland

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6
Q

The difference b/w exocrine & endocrine:

A
  • The presence or absence of ducts

- Arrangement of the cells

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7
Q

The cells of endocrine glands: (what do they secrete & how are they arranged)

A
  • Secrete hormones
  • Are arranged in the form of cords
    Or in the form of follicles with a lumen for storing the secretory product
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8
Q

From either the cords or follicles of endocrine cells, the secretory product is released:

A
  • Outside the cells

- And taken up by the blood vessels (for distribution throughout the body)

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9
Q

If the secretion of the gland is released to an external surface, it’s considered:

A
  • To have covering epithelium

- Ex: sweat gland

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10
Q

If the secretion of the gland is released to a hollow organ, it considered:

A
  • To have lining epithelium

- Ex: secretion in the intestine to the lumen

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11
Q

Exocrine and endocrine glands are covered by:

A

A connective tissue capsule

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12
Q

What arises from the deep surface of the capsule:

A

Septa

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13
Q

whats the function of septa?

A

It divides the gland into lobes & lobules

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14
Q

Inside the gland, the duct runs through:

A
  • Connecting septa
  • And branches repeatedly
  • Until its smallest branches end in the secretory -portions of the gland
  • Blood vessels also through the septa to reach the parenchyma of the lobules
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15
Q

Structural classification of glands:

A

Exocrine
Endocrine
Paracrine

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16
Q

Exocrine:

A
  • Unicellular gland (single-cell as gland)

- Multicellular glands

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17
Q

Multicellular:

A
  • Simple glands (unbranched duct)

- Compound glands (branched ducts)

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18
Q

Simple and compound glands: (shapes)

A
  • Tubular
  • alveolar/acinar (flask-shaped)
  • Tubuloalveolar
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19
Q

Simple gland:

A

Have unbranched duct

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20
Q

Compound gland:

A

Branched duct

21
Q

Goblet cells:

A
  • Are unicellular

- Ex: small intestine, large intestine, respiratory epithelium

22
Q

ltrastructurally a goblet cell shows:

A
  • A basal nucleus surrounded by RER
  • A large Golgi complex just above the nucleus
  • An apical end filled with large secretory granules
    containing mucins
  • Highly viscous mucin material secreted by exocytosis & is then hydrated to form mucus in the lumen lined by microvilli
23
Q

Functional classification of exocrine glands (based on mechanism of secretion)

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

24
Q

Merocrine gland:

A
  • Most of the glands

- Only the secretion is released to the lumen

25
Q

merocrine glands secretes their secretion by means of

A

secrete their products, (usually containing proteins), by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the secretory cells

26
Q

example of merocrine glands

A

Pancreatic acinar cells, Salivary glands

27
Q

Apocrine:

A
  • The apical part is cut off & surrounds the secretion

- The released portion of the cell contains lipid droplet(s).

28
Q

examples of apocrine

A

Mammary glands, Ciliary gland of the eyelid

29
Q

Holocrine:

A

The whole cell detaches from the basement membrane with the secretion

30
Q

examples of holocrine

A

Sebaceous glands of hair follicles, Tarsal (Meibomian) glands of the eyelids

31
Q

Sebaceous gland:

A
  • entire cells fill with a product and are released during secretion
  • They move upward and toward the gland’s center.
  • When terminally differentiated, the cells separate and quickly disintegrate to form the secretion
32
Q

Classification of exocrine glands based on type of secretion:

A
  • Serous gland
  • Mucous gland
  • Mixed gland
33
Q

Serous gland:

A
  • are roughly pyramid-shaped, with its apex at the lumen.
  • The nucleus is rounded or oval in shape
  • The apical ends are eosinophilic due to the abundant immature and mature secretory granules present there.
34
Q

Ultrastructurally, serous cells show

A

abundant RER,
Golgi complexes,
and secretory granules

35
Q

Mucous cells:

A
  • are typically larger than serous cells
  • Have flattened basal nuclei
  • The apical region and most of the other cytoplasm of the mucous cells are filled
    with secretory granules containing mucin.
  • The basal region contains the RER, nucleus, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus.
36
Q

examples of mucus cells

A

Sublingual salivary glands, Gland in the respiratory tract, and the genital tract

37
Q

Seromucous, compound tubuloacinar gland:

A

have both mucous and serous secretory units

typically shaped as acini and tubules respectively.

38
Q

Clumps of serous cells at the ends of some mucous tubules appear as

A

crescent-shaped structures called serous demilunes

39
Q

Myoepithelial cells:

A
  • are muscle-like cells located between the bases of epithelial cell and the basal lamina.
  • Star-shaped
  • Long processes embrace the acinar cells
40
Q

Myoepithelial cell are specialized for

A
  • Specialized for contraction-have actin and myosin

- Contraction of the myoepithelial cell compresses the acinus and aids in the expulsion of secretory products into the d

41
Q

Protein secreting cell:

A

are intimately associated with the capillary at their base and lumen at their apex.

42
Q

Numerous secretory granules are located at

A

the apical part of the cells.

43
Q

Steroid secreting cell:

A
  • Endocrine
  • is intimately associated with the capillary endothelium via microvillar channels.
  • Numerous lipid droplets, which contain cholesterol esters.
  • Mitochondria with variable shapes are located in the abundant cytoplasm.
  • A Golgi apparatus can be seen adjacent to the nucleus.
  • The cell is characterized by one or more prominent nucleoli (Nu) in the nucleus.
44
Q

Ion-transport across the cell membrane:

A
  • have ion transporters on their cell membrane
  • are integral membrane proteins that control cellular uptake and efflux of inorganic ions
  • can occur in different directions, depending on which tissue is involved
45
Q

Absorption: (direction of transport is..)

A
  • The direction of transport is from the lumen to the blood vessel,
  • Eg. in the gallbladder and intestine
  • This serves to concentrate bile and obtain water and ions in these organs
46
Q

Secretion:

The direction of transport is from

A

the blood vessel to the lumen

47
Q

example of secretion

A
  • in the choroid plexus, ciliary body, and sweat glands

- This serves to expel water from the interstitial fluid into specialized aqueous fluids in these tissues

48
Q

The function of the Na, K-ATPase, a primary active transporter is to:

A

generate inward Na+ and outward K+ concentration gradient

49
Q

how does the Na,K-ATPase function

A
  • by using the energy of ATP-hydrolysis

anatomy 1-9 (9 decks)

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