Test 1: lecture 1

Question 1

Pathology:

Answer 1

The science and study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases. Pathology comes from the Greek words “pathos” (disease) and “logos” (treatise). The word pathology is sometimes misused to mean disease (e.g. they didn’t find any pathology in the patient). A medical doctor that specializes in pathology is a pathologist, who are experts at interpreting gross and microscopic diseases.

Question 2

A pathologic change in a tissue/cell

Answer 2

lesion

Question 3

Sequence of events that lead to or underlie a disease

Answer 3

Pathogenesis

Question 4

Prediction of outcome of the pathologic process.

Answer 4

prognosis

Question 5

A concise statement of the nature, cause or name of a disease.

Answer 5

diagnosis

Question 6

categories of disease

Answer 6

MINI VAN DITTI

Metabolic

Inflammatory

Neoplastic

Infectious

Vascular

Anomalous (congenital and genetic)

Nutritional

Degenerative

Idiopathic

Toxic

Traumatic

Iatrogenic

Question 7

Answer 7

heart left mitral valve

Endocardiosis- the development and accumulation of fibrous tissue within the heart valves which in turn alters the physical structure of the valves.

chronic valve disease degenerative disease

thickened opaque nodules present with regurg and murmur yellow caused by regurg → jet lesion in atria endocardium

Question 8

Answer 8

congenital

omphalocele

Question 9

Answer 9

Mini Van Ditti

infectious

abomasum

Haemonchus contortus, the “barber’s pole” worm, a blood-sucking parasite of the abomasum, is one of the most significant helminth parasites of sheep and goats.

Question 10

Answer 10

MINI VAN DITTI

nutritional- low vit C

scurvy

Question 11

Answer 11

optic nerve neoplasia (cancer)

Question 12

Answer 12

MINI VAN DITTI

idiopathic/ toxic

cirrhosis of the liver→ bumpy

Question 13

Answer 13

MINI VAN DITTI

iatrogenic /toxic

(caused by NSAID use)

kidney- horse

renal papillary necrosis from ischemia

Question 14

Answer 14

MINI VAN DITTI

toxic, infectious, nutritional

aortic mineralization- full, gritty hard, lumpy bumpy

Question 15

clinical diagnosis

Answer 15

based on history, clinical signs, physical and other examinations (e.g. chewing gum seizures, depression, and facial tic suggestive of encephalopathy)

Question 16

Differential diagnosis

Answer 16

what else can it be

list of diseases that could account for the findings in the case (e.g. congenital hydrocephalus, toxoplasma, neospora, canine distemper virus, lymphoma)

Question 17

Clinical pathological diagnosis:

Answer 17

based on blood tests

based on changes in hematology, clinical chemistries, or
cytology (e.g. elevated WBCs and protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggestive of
meningoencephalitis)

Question 18

Morphologic diagnosis:

Answer 18

lesion diagnosis, either gross or microscopic that includes
severity, duration, distribution, location, and nature of the lesion (e.g. severe multifocal
subacute lymphocytic meningoencephalitis with demyelination)

Question 19

Etiologic diagnosis:

Answer 19

a diagnosis that includes the lesion and the cause

(e.g Morbilliviral encephalitis)

Question 20

M in MINI VAN DITTI

Answer 20

Metabolic - usually a deficiency of an enzyme or hormone or secondary to organ failure (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, uremic pneumonitis, hepatic encephalopathy)

Question 21

1st I in Mini VAN DITTI

Answer 21

Inflammatory - host response to a perceived injury
Appropriate - part of normal host defense (e.g. cystitis, bronchitis)

Allergic - hypersensitivity to exogenous antigens (e.g. allergic dermatitis)

Autoimmune - inflammation directed at host tissues (e.g. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia)

Question 22

A in MINI VAN DITTI

Answer 22

Anomalies of development

Congenital - present at birth (e.g. two-faced kitten)

Genetic - caused by heritable DNA abnormality (e.g. polycystic kidney disease of Persian cats, severe combined immunodeficiency of Arabian horses, Basset hounds, and mice)

Question 23

MINI CAN DITTI

2nd N

Answer 23

Nutritional - excess or deficiency or one or more nutrients (e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy due to taurine deficiency in cats; starvation; obesity)

Question 24

D in MINI VAN DITTI

Answer 24

Degenerative - breakdown of cells and tissue over time (e.g. degenerative joint disease; endocardiosis)

Question 25

3rd I in MINI VAN DITTI

Answer 25

Idiopathic - of unknown etiology

(e.g. epilepsy; chronic hepatitis; chronic interstitial nephritis)

Question 26

T in MINI VAN DITTI

Answer 26

Traumatic (e.g. bullet wounds, bite wounds, hit by car)

Toxic - exogenous chemicals (including medications), plants, radiation (e.g. ethylene glycol nephrotoxicity, valium-induced hepatic necrosis in cats, leukoencephalomalacia in horses due to fungal toxins on moldy corn)

Question 27

last I in MINI VAN DITTI

Answer 27

Iatrogenic - caused by treatment

(e.g. tracheal rupture due to endotracheal tube balloon inflation; gastric ulcers due to non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs))

Question 28

gastric ulcers due to non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is an example of ___ type of disease

Answer 28

iatrogenic- caused by treatment

Question 29

valium-induced hepatic necrosis in cats is an example of ___

Answer 29

toxic

MINI VAN DITTI

Question 30

epilepsy is an example of ___

Answer 30

idiopathic- unknown etiology

Question 31

endocardiosis is an example of

Answer 31

degenerative- breakdown of cells over time

Question 32

starvation is an example of

Answer 32

nutritional

Question 33

infarcts are examples of

Answer 33

vascular

Question 34

hemangioma is an example of

Answer 34

neoplastic (cancer)

Question 35

DM is an example of ___

Answer 35

metabolic disease