Pulmonary Hypertension

Question 1

Mean pulmonary artery pressure in Pulmonary Hypertension

Answer 1

GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 25mmHg at rest

Question 2

WHO Pulmonary Hypertension Classification

What group

AUTOIMMUNE-INDUCED PULMONARY VASCULATURE/intertitium damage
Genetic basis: BMPR2 mutations

Answer 2

Group 1

Question 3

WHO Pulmonary Hypertension Classification

What group

Secondary to HEART FAILURE

Answer 3

GROUP 2

Question 4

SECONDARY TO LUNG DISEASE and/or HYPOXIA

Answer 4

GROUP 3

Question 5

CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLISM

Answer 5

GROUP 4

Question 6

UNCLEAR AND/OR MULTIFACTORIAL MECHANISMS

Answer 6

GROUP 5

Question 7

Morphology: MEDIAL HYPERTROPHY of the pulmonary muscular and elastic ARTERIES —> RIGHT ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 7

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Question 8

PATTERNS OF PULMONARY INFECTIONS

Consolidation: PATCHY

Gross: Consolidated areas of ACUTE SUPPURATIVE inflammation

Histology: NEUTROPHIL-rich EXUDATE

Answer 8

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

Question 9

PATTERNS OF PULMONARY INFECTIONS

Consolidation: LOBAR or large portion of lobe

GROSS:
~ Congestion: Red, heavy, boggy
~ RED Hepatization: Red, firm, airless
~ GRAY Hepatization: Grayish brown
~ Resolution: Resorption of exudates, or organization (fibrosis)

HISTOLOGY:
~ Congestion: VASCULAR ENGORGEMENT with intra-alveolar fluid, few PMNs and bacteria
~ RED hepatization: PMNs, RBCs, fibrin
~ GRAY hepatization: RBC disintegration, FIBRINOSUPPURATIVE EXUDATE
~ Resolution: exudates resorbed by macrophages, FIBROSIS

Answer 9

LOBAR PNEUMONIA