Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment

Question 1

Copernicus

Answer 1

He is the author of On the Celestial Spheres, he argued that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe

Question 2

Isaac Newton

Answer 2

He explained universal gravitation and 3 laws of motion

Question 3

Francis Bacon

Answer 3

He believed scientists should use inductive reasoning as they used the Scientific Method

Question 4

John Locke

Answer 4

He described the government as a Social Contract between rulers and people, he believed all men were born equal with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, he also believed that if the government did not protect the natural rights of citizens the citizens had a duty to replace the government

Question 5

Voltaire

Answer 5

He believed that man had the natural right to freedom of speech, press, and religion but he was against widespread democratic participation in government by the people as they are uneducated

Question 6

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 6

His concept of a social contract had rulers following the general will of the people

Question 7

Ptolemy

Answer 7

His theory had the Earth as the center of the universe, and the sun and stars revolved around it

Question 8

The Scientific Revolution

Answer 8

A revolution of thought in science, math, and the nature of the universe

Question 9

Hobbes

Answer 9

He felt that man was selfish and brutish so Absolute Monarchs used his writings to support their strong rule

Question 10

Adam Smith

Answer 10

He was a supporter of laissez-faire, his ideas found in Wealth of Nations, formed the basis of Capitalism

Question 11

Wollstonecraft

Answer 11

She was an early feminist that argued that it was hypocritical to not assign rights to women if all humans were born free and equal with natural rights

Question 12

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 12

An important document in the French Revolution that defined the rights of man as described by Voltaire and Locke

Question 13

Montesquieu

Answer 13

He called for Government to function through a separation of powers that uses a checks and balance system

Question 14

Salons

Answer 14

Gatherings in the homes of wealthy people when intellectuals discussed Enlightenment ideas

Question 15

Path to progress

Answer 15

Philosophers of the Enlightenment believed that the use of reason would lead to progress

Question 16

Harvey

Answer 16

He showed that the heart, not the liver, was the center for blood circulation

Question 17

Vesalius

Answer 17

He is considered the Father of Human Anatomy

Question 18

Secular

Answer 18

Non-religious, The enlightenment was primarily this type of movement

Question 19

Diest

Answer 19

A person that affirms that God created the world and put the world in motion, but does not intercede in its function

Question 20

Pare

Answer 20

This surgeon was the first to use ointments to prevent infections

Question 21

Enlightened Despots/ Monarchs

Answer 21

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

Question 22

The American Revolution

Answer 22

The first revolution that stemmed from Enlightenment ideas

Question 23

Declaration of Independence

Answer 23

It lifted ideas directly from Locke and Rousseau such the people’s right to rebel and their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Question 24

Constitution of the United States

Answer 24

It reflected Montesquieu’s separation and balance of powers in government

Question 25

United States Bill of Rights

Answer 25

It lifts ideas from Voltaire such as guarantees for individual rights and freedoms

Question 26

The Enlightenment

Answer 26

An Era when philosophers looked for natural laws that governed society and politics

Question 27

Natural law

Answer 27

A law that impacts everything on Earth regardless of circumstances

Question 28

Roots of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 28

The questioning spirit of the Renaissance

Question 29

Results of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 29

Europeans began to embrace new technology, Europeans had an increased desire to explore, and within a century Europeans began to industrialize

Question 30

Ancient Greeks and Romans

Answer 30

They provided the bulk of Western Science before the Scientific Revolution

Question 31

Scientific Method

Answer 31

Scientists start with a question, or hypothesis, test the hypothesis and draw a conclusion.

Question 32

Kepler

Answer 32

He observed that planetary orbits were elliptical and that some force held planets in their orbit, but he was not able to calculate the force of gravity

Question 33

Heliocentric

Answer 33

The sun is the center of the universe

Question 34

Geocentric

Answer 34

Earth is at the center of the universe

Question 35

Galileo

Answer 35

He disproved the Geocentric theory and also he observed spots on the sun, and mountains and craters on the Moon. His observations seemed to indicate that an object in motion tended to stay in motion unless slowed down by friction

Question 36

Descartes

Answer 36

Considered the Father of Modern Philosophy. He also created analytical geometry and attempted to prove existence with his phrase “I think, therefore I am”

Question 37

Leibniz and Newton controversy

Answer 37

mutual accusations of intellectual theft as both developed Calculus

Question 38

Diderot

Answer 38

Best known for his work as the chief contributor and editor of the Encyclopedia

Question 39

3 natural economic laws

Answer 39

Identified by Adam Smith. 1. Law of Supply and Demand 2. Law of Competition 3. Law of Self-Interest

Question 40

Enlightenment Era(Rulers/system)

Answer 40

Absolute Monarchs ruled in Europe and the prevailing position was that rulers ruled by Divine Right. This system was generally viewed as appropriate as 90% of the population was made up of peasantry who had little or no education

Question 41

social class system in Europe during the Enlightenment

Answer 41

The upper class (Lords, Dukes, etc) made up around 3 to 5% of the population and upper-class wealth was in the land they owned, often they had little cash. The middle class was educated wealthy merchants, doctors, and lawyers that did not support the social system as it was, they wanted access to upper-class status. The peasantry or small farmers made up around 80 to 90% of the population and were largely disaffected by the Enlightenment

Question 42

religion in Europe during the Enlightenment

Answer 42

there were volatile attacks on religious minorities. There was no such thing as freedom of religion and no such thing as separation of Church and State. Monarchs often directed the religion of a country

Question 43

Aristotle

Answer 43

Greek philosopher that claimed heavy objects fall faster than light ones

Question 44

Promise of the Enlightenment

Answer 44

that progress would lead to a more enlightened society

Question 45

3 main ideas of the Enlightenment

Answer 45

secular society, application of reason to solve problems, the ability of society to progress

Question 46

Divine Right of Rulers

Answer 46

God granted their power and to question a Monarch was therefore questioning God

Question 47

Law of self-interest

Answer 47

businesses were created to make a profit for their owners

Question 48

Law of Supply and Demand

Answer 48

the pricing of a product is determined by how much is available and how much it is wanted

Question 49

The Law of Competition

Answer 49

the more competition, the better the product and the cheaper the cost

Question 50

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Answer 50

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness.