Unit 3

Question 1

the open field system

Answer 1

common land outside of small villages is shared and farming is a communal effort-this helps subsistence farmers but is inefficient in term of overall production

Question 2

the enclosure act

Answer 2

Laws passed by Parliament “closing off” common lands to small farmers, Large landowners and wealthy people benefit most from this

Question 3

effects of the agricultural revolution

Answer 3

Increase in life expectancy-Increased population
Decrease in farming jobs available-diets are more varied and more healthy-People move to cities in search of work
Decline in famine(hunger)

Question 4

cottage industry

Answer 4

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. Produced all of Britain domestically made textiles before the Industrial Revolution

Question 5

domestic systems advantages

Answer 5

humanitarian in nature- people can work at home in a decent environment-set their own hours and take breaks when necessary and watch children while working

Question 6

domestic systems disadvantages

Answer 6

economic in nature-the process is both slow and inefficient. The Domestic System had outlived its usefulness by the late 1700’s

Question 7

domestic system developments

Answer 7

the new inventions of the 1700’s could not fit in cottages and were too expensive for peasants to buy them so large buildings located away from cottage homes were made to accommodate the large machines

Question 8

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 8

the creation of new factories, coal mines, and ship building ports-unforeseen changes in other industries, in society, economics, politics, and culture

Question 9

sweatshops

Answer 9

nickname given many textile factories due to the intense heat and the intense work conditions for laborers

Question 10

Child Labor Conditions

Answer 10

small hands and bodies fit into small spaces-children as young as 5 or 6 labored full 12 hour days-children could be permanently disfigured from the experience

Question 11

Factory System

Answer 11

12-14 hour shifts, 6 days a week with limited breaks-everything governed by the clock and not by natural rhythms-no disability, no sick days, repetitive work-dehumanizing

Question 12

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 12

different from the First Industrial Revolution that focused on textiles The Second Industrial Revolution focused on three new industries. They were coal mines, steel mills, and railroads

Question 13

The Bessemer Process

Answer 13

A cheap and efficient process for making a steel that was stronger and more flexible than iron

Question 14

Development of Labor Unions

Answer 14

long history going back to the guilds of the middle ages-workers of the late 1700’s began to collectively bargain for better wages and working conditions

Question 15

Reform Acts

Answer 15

Series of laws expanding the British electoral franchise (right to vote) to 21 year old workers

Question 16

Labour Party

Answer 16

British political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to provide political representation of the interests of the working class

Question 17

Factory Act of 1833

Answer 17

restricted the number of hours a child could work

Question 18

Mines Act of 1842

Answer 18

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

Question 19

Communist Manifesto

Answer 19

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels provided the basis of Marxism

Question 20

Marx Theory

Answer 20

there are two classes of people in society, the haves (the bourgeoisie)and the have nots (the proletariat). The haves become rich off the labor of the have nots. There will be a world-wide revolution and the haves will be overthrown. People will be paid according to their need and not their ability. It calls for the absence of private property, everything is owned by the people collectively

Question 21

Communism Reality

Answer 21

Communist societies are NOT classless- Communist governments are usually harsh & repressive- Communist governments own the Means of Production- Communist governments feature Command Economies

Question 22

Command Economy

Answer 22

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government

Question 23

Means of Production

Answer 23

farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

Question 24

Natural Selection

Answer 24

Darwin’’s theory holding that mutations in species occur fairly regularly and if the mutation allowed the species to better survive, then that genetic mutation was passed to offspring who were in turn better adapted to survival

Question 25

Effects of Urbanization

Answer 25

urban center had amenities not available in rural areas- air pollution, increase in disease such as Cholera and Tuberculosis, rise of cheap, dangerous Tenement housing, weakening of traditional values in urban areas

Question 26

pasteurization

Answer 26

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food

Question 27

Chartism

Answer 27

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist aimed to gain political rights and influence for the working-class. (example-universal male suffrage)

Question 28

blacklisting

Answer 28

union breaking tactic that had owners make and share a list of union leaders with the intent of making these people unemployable in the industry

Question 29

the Domestic System

Answer 29

all of the Cottage Industry- they provided handmade textile which were sold to clothiers who made clothes. This system was functional until the late 1700’s

Question 30

collective bargaining

Answer 30

negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees. (union)

Question 31

The Rocket

Answer 31

An early locomotive that was an advance in Railroad technology as it could reach speeds of 29 hours per hour

Question 32

Capitalist economy

Answer 32

Known as a Free Market economy, it has private citizens own the means of production and typically yields a large number of products and a wide variety of prices

Question 33

tenements

Answer 33

urban housing the developed in major industrial cities, They were often built of wood, were disease ridden and had limited bathroom facilities and no running water

Question 34

Urbanization

Answer 34

defined as the growth of cities, these areas encouraged the mixing of cultures and a weakening of traditional values, With centers that had many amenities not available in rural areas