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chemistry > Hydrocarbons, Crude Oil, Alkanes, Alkenes(Organic Chemistry Part 1) > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons, Crude Oil, Alkanes, Alkenes(Organic Chemistry Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organic compound

A

A compound which contains carbon

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A molecule
that consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms
ONLY

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3
Q

Why are molecular formulas rarely used in organic chemistry

A

Because they do not show anything about the bonding in a molecule

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4
Q

Definition of homologous series

A

Group of organic compounds
That have similar chemical properties
BECAUSE they have the same functional group

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5
Q

What is a functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a compound

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6
Q

Molecular formula definition

A

Actual number of atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

Structural isomer definition

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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8
Q

A student carries out an experiment with pentanoic acid. If she uses another carboxylic acid to carry out the same experiment, will it react the same or differently and why

A

Will react the same because compounds in the same homologous series react in similar ways due to having the same functional group

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9
Q

If I have an isomer with a different functional group, will it have the same or different chemical and physical properties?

A

Different

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10
Q

Which alkanes do not have isomers and which do

A

Methane, ethane, propane

But butane does

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11
Q

What is the order of alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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12
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol

A

-OH
(Hydroxyl group)

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13
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxyl acid

A

-COOH
(Carboxyl group)

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14
Q

What is the functional group of an alkane
And an alkene

A

Alkane—-) C-C
Alkene—-) C=C

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15
Q

Name the order of alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene

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16
Q

Discuss alkenes and their isomers

A

Ethene does not have isomers
And propene does not have isomers which are alkenes(because they have no carbon-carbon double bond)

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17
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

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18
Q

General formula of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated
(Single bonds)

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20
Q

General formula of Alkane and Alkene
Alcohol and Carboxylic acid

A

ALKANE: ALKENE:
CnH2n+2 CnH2n

ALCOHOL: Carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1OH CnH2nO2

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21
Q

How was crude oil formed

A

From the remains of marine animals over millions of years

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22
Q

Explain the volatility of hydrocarbons as their chain length increases

A

Volatility is how easily it evaporates
So as chain length increases
Volatility increases because
Intermolecular forces of attraction are stronger so less likely to evaporate into a gas

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23
Q

Describe how five physical properties of hydrocarbons change as chain length increases

A

Becomes more viscous
Boiling point increases
Becomes darker
Becomes less volatile
Becomes less likely to burn

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24
Q

Give one reason why when it comes to combustion of hydrocarbons, smaller chain molecules are better to use than larger chain molecules

A

Because smaller chain molecules burn more easily

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25
Q

Give a property of ethane and propane that show they are in the same homogenous group

A

The same general formula

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26
Q

What is a fraction

A

Groups of hydrocarbons
With similar chain length
And with similar boiling points

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27
Q

What is crude oil

A

a mixture
of hydrocarbons
Of different chain lengths

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28
Q

How does bitumen form

A

Contains very large chain Hydrocarbons
And boiling point is too high to be boiled (into a vapour at the start of the process)
So remains a liquid
And is released through the fractionating column and used to make bitume.

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29
Q

What is petroleum another word for

A

Crude oil

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30
Q

Fill in the gaps:
When the hydrocarbons reach part of the column where the temperature is …. than their … they… into a…

A

lower
Boiling
Condense
Liquid

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31
Q

Explain what happens to long hydrocarbons during fractional distillation

A

They have long chain lengths
And so high boiling points
So remain at the bottom of the column
And condense earlier on
Because much hotter at the bottom

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32
Q

Why do large chain hydrocarbons condense earlier than when short chain hydrocarbons condense

A

Because the column is much hotter at the bottom
And long chain hydrocarbons are condensed there
As they have higher boiling points

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33
Q

Explain what happens to short chain hydrocarbons during fractional distillation

A

They are have shorter hydrocarbon chain lengths
And so have low boiling points
And so condense at the top of the column
Later on
Because it is much cooler

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34
Q

What aspect of the factional distillation column allows gases to be condensed at different times

A

The temperature gradient

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35
Q

Does each fraction in fractional distillation column have saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

May have either

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36
Q

Why does the top of the column have gases taken from them

A

Because these are very short chain molecules
Which have very low boiling points
And the fractionating column is not cool enough the condense these into liquid
So they remain in gas form

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37
Q

Explain the process of fractional distillation of crude oils:

A

1)Crude oil is boiled so that it vaporizes into a gas
2)liquid part called bitumen is drained out + colum contains temperature gradient
3)So vapors rise and longest hydrocarbon chain, condenses into a liquid first, as highest boiling points, at the bottom of the column as it is the hottest,
4)shortest hydrocarbon chains condense into a liquid last, as lowest boiling points, at the top of the column, as it is coolest,
5)vapors with very short hydrocarbon chains do not condense because very low boiling points and so are collected at the top as gases
6) bubble caps separate the Fractions + prevent the vapour from falling down, and mixing with others

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38
Q

The boiling point can also be referred to as:

A

The condensation point
Because boiling is just the opposite of condensation
(So it occurs at the same point)

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39
Q

What is another word for petrol

A

Gasoline

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40
Q

What is paraffin often referred as

A

Kerosene

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41
Q

Give six names of the fractions in fractional distillation and their uses
(From top to bottom)

A

Refinery gases—) domestic heating and cooking
Petrol—) fuel for cars
Kerosene—) fuel for jet planes + paraffin for small lamps
Diesel oil—) fuel for buses, lorries
Fuel oil—) fuel for ships + industrial heating
Bitumen—-) surfacing roads

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42
Q

Which fraction has larger hydrocarbon chain length
Kerosene or fuel oil?

A

Fuel oil

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43
Q

Which fraction has smaller hydrocarbon chain length?
Diesel oil or petrol

A

Petrol

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44
Q

Which molecules are refinery gases a mixture of?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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45
Q

Which is more viscous and explain why
Kerosene or diesel oil?
And why?

A

Diesel oil
Because larger hydrocarbon chain length
and so stronger intermolecular forces of attraction
So flow less easily

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46
Q

Which is less volatile?
Fuel oil or petrol?
And why

A

Fuel oil
Because larger hydrocarbon chain length
So stronger intermolecular forces of attraction
So more difficult to evaporate into a gas

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47
Q

Why does the fractionating column contain bubble traps

A

To prevent the fractions from mixing

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48
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A substance that when burned, releases heat energy

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49
Q

What is one of the major hydrocarbons present in petrol?

A

Octane

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50
Q

What is one of the major hydrocarbons in natural gas?

A

Methane

51
Q

State the word equation for when a hydrocarbon is completely combusted

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —-) carbon dioxide + water

52
Q

Word equation for incomplete combustion for up to 4 products

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —-) carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide+ water+ soot

53
Q

When a fuel is combusted, state which products will be produced depending on if
A small amount of oxygen is used:
A medium amount of oxygen is used:
A large amount of oxygen is used

A

Small: soot
Medium: carbon monoxide
Large: carbon dioxide

54
Q

When conducting an experiment to investigate complete and incomplete combustion, what colour will the flame be if complete combustion, and what colour will it be if incomplete combustion?

A

Blue if complete combustion
Orange if incomplete combutsion

55
Q

Describe how carbon monoxide is a danger

A

Reduces the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body by binding with haemoglobin
+ can make you faint or die

56
Q

What colour and smell is carbon monoxide?

A

Colourless and Odourless

57
Q

Two products of incomplete combustion

A

Soot and carbon monoxide

58
Q

Why are hydrocarbons good to use as fuel?

A

Because they produce large amounts of heat energy when burnt

59
Q

Where are nitrogen oxides usually produced and why

A

From car engines
Because the temperature is high enough for oxygen in the air to react with nitrogen in the car

60
Q

Name the two gases responsible for acid rain and where they are produced from

A

-sulfur dioxide: sulfur impurities from the burning of fossil fuels
-oxides of nitrogen: combustion in car engines

61
Q

How are sulfur impurities turned to acid rain?

A

Sulfur impurities in fossil fuels react with oxygen in the air to form sulfur dioxide
When water and oxygen in the air react with sulfur dioxide, this produces sulfuric acid

62
Q

Why is rain naturally acidic

A

Because it has carbon dioxide dissolved into it

63
Q

Formula of sulfuric acid
And
Formula of sulfurous acid

A

Sulfuric acid—-) H2SO4
Sulfurous acid—) H2S03

64
Q

Formation of sulfurous acid balanced symbol equation

A

SO2(g) + H20(l) —-) H2S03(aq)

65
Q

Formation of sulfuric acid balanced word equation

A

2SO2(g) + 2H20(l) + O2(g) ——) H2SO4(aq)

66
Q

Formation of nitrogen oxide balanced symbol word equation

A

N2(g) + O2(g) ——) 2NO(g)

67
Q

Give three consequences of acid rain:

A
  • kills fish in lakes
  • damages trees
    -corrodes limestone and metal buildings
68
Q

Reaction between limestone and sulfuric acid

A

CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) —-) CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

69
Q

Which two acids are the cause of acid rain

A

Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid

70
Q

Word equation of when sulfuric acid corrodes marble or limestone buildings:

A

Calcium carbonate + sulfuric acid —-) calcium sulphate + water + carbon dioxide

71
Q

Give two solutions to preventing adverse effects of acid rain

A

Use sulfur scrubbing in gases in power stations
Or
Use a catalytic converters in a car

72
Q

Explain What is cracking

A

Process in which long chain alkanes
are broken into smaller chain alkanes
and alkenes
Using heat of 600-700degrees
and a catalyst Like silica and aluminum

73
Q

Explain why cracking is performed (4)

A

Crude oil contains a surplus of Long chain molecules
Cracking howver can produce Short chain hydrocarbon molecules
Short chain molecules can be produced, which are more useful and in higher demand
Short chain molecules also burn more cleanly
Alkenes produced can be used to make polymers

74
Q

Suggest one reason why long chain hydrocarbons are not in demand

A

Because they are not easily flammable
So will not form good fuels

75
Q

What type of chemical reaction is cracking?
(You could say two types)

A

Thermal decomposition
Endothermic reaction (absorbs heat)

76
Q

Name two substances often used to produce petrol

A

Kerosene
Fuel oil

77
Q

Name three substances that cracking can produce

A

Small chain alkenes
Small chain alkanes
Hydrogen

78
Q

A student places liquid paraffin inside some mineral wool and put some porous pot next to it in a test tube . She then connects two heat sources on the bottom and connect the test tube to a delivery tube with downwards displacement jar.
Explain how this demonstrates the process of cracking

A

Liquid paraffin is the large chain alkane
The first heat source helps to break down the alkane and the porous pot is the catalyst which breaks the alkenes down through thermal decomposition
The second heat source is used to vaporize the liquid paraffin to a gas
This is collected in the Downwards displacement jar as gaseous alkene and alkane

79
Q

What is the difference between thermal and catalytic cracking

A

Catalytic cracking involves both a catalyst and heat
Thermal cracking requires only heat but is done at much higher temperatures

80
Q

Give two properties of a homologous group

A

-have same chemical properties BECAUSE same functional group
-show a gradation (trend) in physical properties

81
Q

Comment on the boiling points of the alkanes

A

Boiling point increases in a REGULAR WAY as chain length increases

82
Q

What state is pentane in at room temperature

A

Liquid

83
Q

What state are the first four alkanes in at room temperature

A

Gas

84
Q

Comment on organic compounds and combustion

A

All organic compounds can combust

85
Q

Suggest why hydrogen is unlikely to be formed as a product of combustion reactions

A

Because it is highly flammable

(As it’s very reactive)

86
Q

What is produced when an alkane reacts with plenty of oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide and water

87
Q

Word equation for methane and bromine reacting in presence of U.V light

A

Methane + Bromine —-) Bromomethane + Hydrogen Bromide

88
Q

Symbol equation for methane and bromine reacting in U.V light

A

CH4(g) + Br2(g) —-) CH3Br(g) + HBr(g)

89
Q

Word equation for reaction of methane and chlorine

A

Methane + chlorine —-) chloromethane + hydrogenchloride

90
Q

Which alkane reacts with bromide to produce two isomers, and what are the names of the two isomers

A

Propane

1-Bromopropane
2-Bromopropane

91
Q

What happens when a mixture of bromide and methane is exposed to sunlight and why

A

It loses its orange color because a substitution reaction has taken place

92
Q

Write the structural formula for reaction between ethane + chlorine in ultraviolet light

A

CH3CH3(g) + Cl2(g) —-) CH3CH3CL(g) +HCL(g)

(molecular formula just in case C2H6 + Cl2 —-) C2H5CL + HCL )

93
Q

Which alkenes are gases at room temperature and which alkenes are liquids

A

Ethene, propene and bromene are all gases
And then the alkenes with more than 5 carbon atoms are all liquids

94
Q

Explain why there is no such thing as methene (or alkene with only 1 carbon atom)

A

Because the alkenes are unsaturated compounds and would not be able to form double bonds with only one carbon atom

(Because hydrogen can only form one bond so you wouldn’t be able to have C=H

95
Q

Write the structural formula of ethene + bromine (water)

A

C2H4(g) + Br2(aq) —-)CH2Br-CH2Br(l)

96
Q

When ethene reacts with bromine, give the word equation and describe the states that all of the reactants and products are in

A

Ethene(colourless gas) + Bromine(orange liquid in aqeous state) —-—-) 1,2dibromoethane (colourless liquid)

97
Q

When an alkene becomes an alkane with the addition of bromine, what type of reaction is this

A

An addition reaction

98
Q

Write the structural formula of the reaction between propene and bromine (water)

A

Addition reaction:

C3H6(g) + Br2(aq) —-) CH2BrCHBrCH3(l)

( Remeber if using a displayed formula to work this out first, make sure you are conscious of the double bond in the propene molecule and how many hydrogens are attached to it)

99
Q

Word equation with state symbols between the reaction of Propene and Bromine

A

Propene(g) + Bromine(aqueous) ——) 1,2dibromopropane (l)

100
Q

Is an alkene more reactive or an alkane, and explain why

A

Alkenes are more reactive due to the presence of the carbon-carbon double,
And so a higher electron density

101
Q

When adding an alkane to bromine water, and then an alkene to bromine water, state what the test tube looks like for each one and why

A

Adding an Alkane to bromine water, the orange bromine water will still be there
Because alkanes do not contain a carbon-carbon double bond and so can not decorlize bromine water in an addition reaction

Adding an alkene to bromine water, the orange bromine water becomes colourless
Because alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond and so can decolonize bromine water in an addition reaction

102
Q

Difference between hydrogenation and hydration reactions of alkenes

A

In a hydrogenation reaction, there is only the addition of hydrogen
Whereas in a hydration reaction, there is the addition of water, and an alcohol is formed AND a catalyst is required, like phosphoric acid

(Remember that both reactions are addition reactions)

103
Q

A compound has the same general formula of an Alkene, but does not decolourize bromine water. Explain why

A

Is an isomer, so possibility that it does not contain a carbon- carbon double bond

(Remember that isomers can have same general formula but can have different structures which do not consist of double bonds)

104
Q

What is the name of the type of reaction when an alkene reacts with hydrogen to form an alkene

A

Addition
Hydrogenation

105
Q

What is the name of the type of reaction when an Alkane produces an Alkane and alkene

A

Thermal decomposition

106
Q

The alkane tridecane can be cracked to produce octane and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation to show the formulae of the two alkenes.
C13H28 + C8H18——-)

A

C2H4 + C3H6

107
Q

Give two conditions of cracking

A

Must use heat of 600-700 degrees
Must use a catalyst such as silica

108
Q

Definition of a saturated compound
And then an unsaturated compound

A

Contains ONLY Carbon-Carbon single bonds
Contains a carbon-carbon double bond

109
Q

What is the chemical name for soot

A

Carbon

110
Q

Balanced symbol equation for nitrogen combusting with oxygen

A

N2(g) + O2(g)——-) 2NO

111
Q

T

A
112
Q

How is carbon monoxide in the exhaust fumes formed

A

There is incomplete combustion of octane(the fuel) as it burns in an insufficient amount of oxygen

113
Q

Complete the combustion word equation
Octane + _______ ———) carbon dioxide. + _____

A

Oxygen
Water

114
Q

Ethane (C2H6) is used as a starting material to manufacture addition polymers. It is first cracked to form ethene (C2H4).
(a) Identify the fuel that also forms in this reaction.

A

Hydrogen

115
Q

Explain how the formulae of ethane and ethene compounds show that they are in different series.(2marks)

A

They have different general formula(1)
Where ethene has formula C2H2n, WHEREAS ethane has a DIFFERENT formula which is C2nH2n+2(1)

116
Q

If butane is bubbled through bromine water, there would be no change in colour.
But state one condition that could be applied so that there was a change

A

Presence of UV light

117
Q

The equation for the complete combustion of octane is
C8H18 + 12.5O2 ——) 8CO2 + 9H2O

Write a chemical equation for the incomplete combustion of octane

A

C8H18 + 8.5O2 → 8CO + 9H2O

(Rmeber just change the carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and then balance from there)

118
Q

Give a reason why gasoline is more in demand than fuel oil

A

Because gasoline is used for cars which are more common than shops used for fuel oil

119
Q

Give two reasons why obtaining making by obtaining ethene from cracking is better than obtaining ethanol from fermentation

A

Cracking is much faster
Cracking has a higher percentage yield

120
Q

Give two reasons why obtaining ethanol by fermentation is better than obtaining ethanol from the cracking of ethene

A

Sugar used in fermentation is a renewable source
Uses less energy

121
Q

State the catalyst used and the amount of temperature required to create ethanol from the hydration of ethene

A

Phosphoric acid
250-350 degrees

122
Q

Why is incomplete combustion a problem with a larger alkene like butene than ethene

A

Because it would need even more oxygen to react, (so basically then there would be even less oxygen and incomplete combustion would be more severe)

123
Q

Describe the difference of covalent bonds between crude oil and kerosene

A

Crude oil has more covalent bonds than kerosene

124
Q

Give four differences between crude oil and kerosene in terms of properties

A

Crude oil has a wider range of boiling points than kerosene
Crude oil is more viscous(flows less easily) than kerosene
Crude oil has more covalent bonds than kerosene
Crude oil has a wide range of sizes of molecules whereas kerosene all have the same size

chemistry (18 decks)

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