Apartheid and reconciliation 1948-1994 Flashcards
What does Apartheid translate to?
apartness
What is Apartheid?
The policy of separating people by race in South Africa.
What is Xhosa?
An ethnic group of black Africans from the south eastern area of south Africa
How do most Westerners pronounce Xhosa?
As kho-sah
How do the Xhosa’s talk in their language?
They use different sounds and clicks
What is Boer?
Boer is an Afrikaans word meaning farmer, it is used to describe dutch settlers.
What is an Afrikaner?
A white south african of dutch origin
When did the Afrikaner’s settle in South Africa?
In 1652
What is Bantu?
A name given to black people who moved to South Africa between AD 500 and AD1000. Later it was used by supporters of Apartheid to describe all black Africans.
Who are the Zulus?
The Zulu people are a Nguni ethnic group in Northern South Africa. They’re the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa.
When did British people settle in South Africa?
In 1795
When did British people take over the South African government?
In 1806
Did the Dutch like the British control of South Africa?
No
What did the Dutch do because they didn’t like British control of South Africa?
They tried to settle outside of their control. This was called the Greta Trek
How many Zulus fought in the Great Trek?
10,000
How many Boers fought in the Great Trek?
500
How many Boers were killed in the Great Trek?
0
How many zulus were killed in the Great Trek?
3000
Why did the Boers victory in the Great Trek reinforce ideas about white supremacy?
Because the Boers believed that their victory over the Zulus was a sign from God that they were better than the zulus
What did part of the ‘Treaty of Vereeniging’ state?
That African voting rights were conditional on a white majority’s consent
Which group of people made the Treaty of Vereeniging?
The British and the Boers
What did President Hertzog do in 1924?
President Hertzog changed laws which meant that black people could only vote for a small selection of white men
What was the 1903 Lagden comission?
This was when the British commission reviewed the ‘Native problems’. The commission concluded that separating the races in south Africa is the best solution
What was the 1913 Native Land Act
HINT OWNING OR RENTING LANDS OUTSIDE OF RESERVES
This was where Black people were prevented from owning or renting land outside newly made reserves (or tribal homelands). These made up 7% of South Africa
What was the 1936 Native Land Act?
This act stated that when reserves began to get overcrowded, more land would be made into reserves.
What was the 1923 Urban areas act?
HINT DISORDERLY
Where local authorities in urban areas were given the right to declare black workers as ‘idle or disorderly’. This meant that they were deported to reserves
What was the 1911 Mines and workers act?
Skilled jobs were reserved for Boer workers. In 1925 and 1926, further laws were added to discriminate against Africans in the work place.
The 1911 Pass laws
In most areas blacks are required to carry a pass which states their employment and the areas they’re allowed in. Anyone outside their designated area could be arrested.
What was Broederband? (1920’s)
A secretive group of middle and lower class Afrikaners who wanted to preserve the Afrikaans language and culture. Groups would meet regularly and had lots of influence on politics and power
What happened in December 1838?
-Andries pretorius led an attack on the Zulus.
-In the evening, the Afrikaners made a camp in a circle of waggons on the bank of the Ncome river.
-The next day at dawn a Zulu army of 10,000 launched an attack.
Why were 3000 Zulus left dead at the battle of the blood river?
Because their shields and assegais were no match for guns and cannons
Did the Zulus lose any men in the battle of the blood river?
No
Why did the Battle of the Blood river have this as a name?
Because the water had been stained with so much zulu blood
What is a covenant?
A solemn promise made between God and a group of people in the bible stories
Whose journal talks about the covenant?
What did President Kruger declare in 1880?
What monument was built in 1938?
How many afrikaners attended the laying of the foundation stone of the voortrekker monument?
Who challenged the idea of the covenant in 1979?
What does ANC stand for?
African national congress
When did the ANC start?
1912
Why did the ANC start?
-Because black people were dissatisfied with the South Africa act of 1910 that established the union of South Africa
-They were also unhappy with their treatment after the South African war
-They were also unhappy with numerous laws that controlled and restricted black movement and labour
When the ANC formed, who was it initially for?
The educated elites eg, lawyers, newspaper editors, Xhosa poets
What did the black educated elites of South Africa feel about the British?
They felt that the British had brought good things like education and law but that their careers were limited because of racism
What did the ANC do at the treaty of Versailles?
They sent a delegation to protest against inequality in South Africa
Who was the new ANC president in 1940?
Dr Xuma
Who wanted to expand the role of the ANC and work with like-minded organisations like the Indian national Congress?
Dr xuma
Who believed that the ANC should move away from petitioning for legal change towards a policy of non cooperation?
Dr xuma
When was the congress youth league set up?
In 1944
Who set up the 1944 congress youth league?
Nelson Mandela, Walter sisulu and Anton lembede
In 1943 women were allowed to be….
full members of the ANC
When was the ANC women’s Wing set up?
In 1948 under ida mntwana
When did the ANC organise large scale boycotts of buses?
In 1940 and in 1944
Who founded the Bantu women’s league ?
Charlotte Maxeke
Who was the first black South African woman to graduate from university?
Charlotte Maxeke
Where was Charlotte Maxeke educated?
In the USA and was a teacher until she became an activist and one of the first black South Africans to struggle for rights for women
What happened in march 1912?
A group of black and coloured women from the orange free state sent a petition against passes signed by 5000 people to prime minister Louis botha
Who was the prime minister of South Africa in 1912?
Louis Botha
Why did the Bantu women’s league organise violent protests in 1913?
Because their petition against the assignment of passes was met with no response
Where did the 1913 violent protests take place?
In Bloemfontein, the capital of orange free state
What did the violent protests against passes in 1913 involve?
Women ripping up and burning their passes
What did the 1913 protest result in?
A relaxing of pass laws against women and for 40 years they did not have to carry passes
What happened in May 1918?
-Black workers across the country went on strike against low wages, poor houses and passes for men.
-Many of the protestors were arrested and imprisoned and local governments took little notice
What did the Communist party of South Africa launch in 1943?
An anti pass campaign
What did labour activist Josie Palmer do in march 1944?
begin the women’s anti pass conference in Johannesburg
What did the 1945 urban areas consolidation act do?
It further limited the freedoms of black South Africans
What happened at the 1947 international women’s Day meeting?
-The Communist party of South Africa decided to launch a ‘non colour bar womens organisation’.
-Hence, the Transvaal all womens union was born, changing its name to the union of South African women in 1949.
Who set up the Natal Indian congress ?
Gandhi
When did Gandhi set up the Natal Indian congress ?
In 1894
What was the aim of the Natal Indian congress?
To protest against discrimination against Indians using passive resistance
How did the 1945 ghetto act affect Indians?
It restricted Indian land ownership
How did the Natal Indian congress react to the 1945 ghetto act?
They set up a passive resistance council to organise a large passive resistance campaign between 1945-1949. However, it had little impact in changing the legislation
Although coloured South Africans were discriminated, who were they treated better than?
African people and they were mainly happy with their position in society
What did the industrial commercial workers Union organise?
Strikes eg. In 1920, 70,000 miners in 21 mines walked off their jobs to dispute pay and treatment
How many members did the African mineworkers union have in 1943?
25,000
What happened with the AMWU IN 1946?
They went on strike and 73000 men stopped work across various cities to demand higher pay. The police crushed the protest and 12 people were shot dead
When was the South African war?
1899–1902
Who founded the national party in 1914?
J.B.M Hertzog
Which people in South Africa did J.B.M Hertzog favour?
Afrikaners
What policies did J.B.M Hertzog favour?
policies of South African freedom from British control and dual-medium education in Afrikaans and English, and he encouraged bilingualism among civil servants.
When was J.B.M Hertzog prime minister of South Africa?
from 1924 - 1939
What was J.B.M Hertzog’s position on South Africa joining WW2?
He fiercely opposed South Africa joining Britain in the war because he remembered the horrors Britain put them through during the Boer war
What language did Hertzog want South Africans to teach?
Although he opposed the British he wanted people to be able to speak both English and the Afrikaans
When was the south African war?
11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902
When was the first Boer war (where south Africans were treated badly by the British)?
16 December 1880 – 23 March 1881
Where did Jan Smuts study law?
In Christs College, Cambridge. He is thought to be one of the most brilliant law students Cambridge ever had
What was Jan Smuts role in WW1?
He was a general
What years did Jan Smuts stay in England?
Between 1891 and 1895
When was the first time Jan Smuts was the prime minister of south Africa?
Between 1919 and 1924
When was the second time Jan Smuts was the prime minister of South Africa?
between 1939 and 1948
What was Jan Smuts position on South Africa joining the war in WW2?
he supported it and declared his support for Britain as soon as war broke out and declared war on Germany.
What was Jan Smuts ancestry?
Mainly Dutch
Where did Jan Smuts grow up?
on a farm in the cape colony
What was Jan Smuts main role in WW2?
Preventing Germany and Italy from conquering northern Africa
Was Jan Smuts involved in the 2nd Boer war?
Yes[1899-1902]
Who represented South Africa at the 1945 San Francisco conference, where the charter of the united nations was drafted?
Jan Smuts
When did Dr Daniel F Malan get his doctorate in divinity?
in 1905.
Dr Daniel F Malan joined the ministry of the…
Dutch Reformed Church (the traditional Afrikaner church)
What did Daniel F Malan do in 1924?
he joined Hertzog’s Cabinet as minister of the interior.
What happened when Hertzog’s National Party merged with Jan Smuts’ South African Party in 1933?
Malan left the government
What party did Daniel F Malan found in 1934?
the Purified National Party, which became the official opposition.
What was D.F Malan’s role in 1939?
Leader of the opposition – National Party
What was DF Malan’s position on South Africa joining WW2?
he voted to keep SA out of WW2
Who were the the Ossewabrandwag?
Anti-British and pro-German organisation in South Africa during World War II, which opposed South African participation in the war. Founded in 1938. By 1941, its membership had risen to approximately 350,000.
When was DF Malan the prime minister of South Africa?
1948-1954
What did the Ossewabrandwag do?
During World War II the Stormjaers carried out sabotage within South Africa as a protest against Jan Smuts’ United Party government.. They were similar to the Nazi stormtroopers
How many South Africans fought in the army during WW2?
300,000
How many of the South Africans that fought in WW2 were Black?
115,000
As black South Africans weren’t allowed to be armed, what did they do instead of fighting?
They worked as labourers, stretcher bearers etc
Between 1939 ad 1945, why was there more black than white south Africans in urban areas for the first time?
Because they were needed to fill the gap in industry that was created due to white south Africans fighting in ww2
By what percentage did the number of people employed in the manufacturing industry increase by between 1939 and 1945?
60%
What is the estimated cost of South Africa’s war effort?
£600 million
What was on the rise during 1940’s?
Political and social resistance campaigns that were initiated by black people, Indian people and coloured people
Why did bus boycotts take place in South Africa in the 1940’s?
Because of the increased bus fares in a time of extreme poverty
During WW2, where did black people move to?
towns and they lived in squatter communities
When was the Ossewabrandwag formed?
in 1938
How many people were in the ossewabrandwag?
between 200,00 and 400,000 people
What are some examples of sabotage carried out by the ossewabrandwag?
Dynamiting post offices , dynamiting railway lines and cutting telephone wires
did the ANC support the war effort?
Yes
Who led the nationalist party in South Africa?
Dr Daniel Malan
What rules did the nationalist party highlight in the Sauer report about enforcing apartheid?
-Black people would live in reserves, completely separate from the whites. Those with jobs in white areas would be classed as visitors
-Coloured people would also have to live separately and would lose what remained of their political rights
-Indians would be sent back to India
-Whites would rule and blacks would be kept under control
What did Govan Mbeki, a leading member of the ANC, say with regards to the nationalist party being elected?
‘we wake up one morning and we are told that Malan has won the election. And that meant the door was shut in our faces’.
When did the national party come to power ?
In 1948
What was the reaction of Oliver Tambo, leader of the ANC youth league, to the nationalists victory?
he said ‘‘i like this because it is going to give further momentum to the resistance movement. We now know that we have an enemy in power… I think that we are going to have a better opportunity of mobilising our people’’
Why did the Nationalist party come to power?
-Because they promised to reverse the poverty that the second world war had bought to South Africa
-Because they promised to put down black resistance
-White workers felt as if black people had taken their jobs when they returned from the war and the nationalist party promised to give them their jobs back
-Malan talked about the danger of the ‘black threat’ to jobs, law and order and housing
- For white farmers, a supply of cheap black labour was promised
- For white industrialists, a more ‘flexible’ apartheid was promised, with blacks allowed, under strict controls, to leave the reservations temporarily to work in the cities
- Malan managed to unite all whites
Why did Smuts united party lose a lot of support after WW2?
-people believed that it was incapable of dealing with the post-war problems
- on top of this, many had not wanted to join the war in the first place
-people also felt that Smuts lacked a clear policy on how to deal with black people and segregation.
Why did poor whites turn to the purified national party?
because Malan blamed blacks for white poverty and called for strict segregation.
did the national part want to support mission churches?
yes, so long as they didn’t oppose apartheid
did bantus and coloured people have equal voting rights to white people?
No, and they could only be represented by white senators in parliament
Did the national party disallow Indians from entering South Africa?
Yes
What happened to Indians who were already in South Africa before the national party was elected?
They underwent the policy of apartheid and had to have separate residential areas
Describe the mixed marriages act and the immortality act of 1949
Mixed marriages and sexual relationships were disallowed and white people could be put in prison for disobeying those acts. However, the punishments were most severe for members of other racial groups.
Describe the 1950 population registration act
This act stated that every South African had to be classified into a racial group- white, coloured or native. The category of Asian was introduced in 1959.
Describe the 1950 group areas act
This act designated particular areas to certain ethnic groups. Members of other ethnic groups in these areas were required to leave and this act particularly affected black South Africans who were originally living in urban areas
What did the 1950 suppression of communism act state?
That communism equated to unrest and that if the government suspected a communist as being up to no good, then they could be arrested. Organisations and individuals that were communist could be banned for many years for contacting other communist organisations or individuals. This resulted in many communists being put under house arrest.
Describe the 1951 bantu authorities act
This law meant that Africans were only entitled to live in their ‘tribal reserves’ and these tribal reserves were governed by tribal leaders who were designated by the government
Describe the 1952 pass laws act
Although existing passes were abolished, they were consequently replaced with reference books which Africans had to carry at all times
What did the 1953 bantu education act state?
That the education of Africans was to include a curriculum based on the limited skills Africans needed to function as a reservoir of cheap labour. Africans were also educated separately from white people.
Describe the 1953 separate amenities act
That public facilities were to be segregated and facilities for different races did not need to be equal
What did the 1953 native Labour act state?
That it was illegal for Black South Africans to strike under any circumstances. It also didn’t legally recognise trade unions
What did the 1953 criminal law amendment act state?
That civil disobedience was punishable by a 3 year prison sentence
describe the 1953 public safety act
-This act empowered the government to declare stringent states of emergency and increased penalties for protesting against the law or supporting the repeal of a law.
-This act was passed in response to civil disobedience
campaigns by the ANC.
describe the 1955-1956 censorship acts
they stated that any criticisms on south Africa in reports and literature would be censored before being imported into south Africa.
describe the 1954 Natives Resettlement Act
This law empowered the Government to remove Africans from any area within and next to the magisterial district of Johannesburg.
describe the 1956 Separate Representation Amendment Act
that coloured people were removed from the common voters roll in the cape.
describe the 1959 Bantu Self-Government Act
This set up 8 self-governing homelands in which black people were made to be citizens.
these homelands were consequently removed from South African statistics. This act helped to provide a key for grand apartheid.
describe the 1959 University Education Act
English-language universities were banned from accepting African students. 3 new strictly segregated colleges were opened for coloured, indian and zulu students, and another for africans in transvaal.
Which places were evacuated and demolished because of the group areas act?
Places like Sophiatown and District Six
What were the limitations of the 1950 group areas act?
In many cases, different races already lived separately so many were unaffected. Added to Native Land Acts.
When was the south African native lands act passed?
in 1913
How many Africans were displaced between 1951 and 1986?
3.5 million people and 1 million of these people were deported from urban to tribal areas
How many schools were mission schools in 1945?
4360
What percentage of the people at mission schools were black?
90%
By 1967, what was the ratio of students to teachers?
By 1967, what was the ratio of students to teachers?
What was the ratio of students to teachers by 1967?
58:1
What different forms of resistance were there prior to 1948?
-The work of the ANC
-Anti pass law demonstrations and the role of women
-Indian communities
-Coloured communities
- Mineworkers
-The role of the communist party
What was the ANC youth league?
A more radical group than the ANC who fought segregation by organising boycotts, strikes and other defiance tactics
How many participants of the defiance campaign were arrested over the 6 mo nths it took place?
8,500
How many people attended the initial inaugral meeting of the defiance Campaign in Durban?
Over 10,000 people
What was the 1949 ANC programme of action?
This programme was launched by the ANC youth league and it called for democracy and the end of racism through boycotts, work stoppages, mass action, miner strikes and even a day called ‘Freedom Day’, where workers stayed home and business business closed as many gathered for a day of prayer.
When was the Defiance Campaign?
During June of 1952
How long did the Defiance Campaign last?
Around 6 months
What happened during the Defiance Campaign?
Many minority groups partook in various acts of Defiance, including going into areas without passes and using privileges reserved for only white people. Protestors wanted to be arrested to show that the authorities would be incapable of coping with the weight of opposition to Apartheid
What was the Federation of South African women?
A women’s movement who created a ‘women’s charter’ which called for the equality of men and women of all races
What happened during the anti-pass demonstrations of the 1950’s?
Passes were burned by the ANC women’s league
What did the communist party do as acts of resistance before 1948?
Fight against racism and the class system, however they didn’t agree with african nationalism
What did the Liberal Party do before 1948 as resistance?
They consisted of white people who didn’t agree with African nationalism
What was the black sash?
An organisation of white, mainly middle class women , who worked to help black women in difficulties over the pass laws and other apartheid restrictions
What did the Criminal law amendment act do?
-It subjected protestors to whipping and up to 5 years imprisonment.
-It Was passed after the Defiance Campaign took place, which suggests that the government saw the defiance Campaign as an imminent threat
How much did membership of the ANC increase after the Defiance Campaign?
From 7,000 to 100,000+
When was the Freedom charter signed?
In 1955
Who created the Freedom Charter?
The Congress of the people
Where was the Freedom charter created?
In Kliptown
Who took part in the Freedom Charter?
Various different delegates, including members of the ANC and others who wanted more freedom
During the Defiance Campaign did protestors go into areas without passes and use ammenities reserved for white people?
Yes
What were the key points of the freedom charter?
A democratic, non-racial, non sexist, free South Africa, where everyone is equal
What happened 18 months after the signing of the Freedom Charter?
156 leading members of the Congress Alliance were charged with high treason and many leaders were placed under banning orders and were in entangled in court battles for several years
How many different organisations were involved with the Freedom Charter?
Over 200
How many people were involved with the freedom charter?
3000
How many Indians were involved with the Freedom Charter?
320
How many Coloured people were involved with the Freedom Charter?
230
How many white people were involved with the Freedom Charter?
112
How many Africans were involved with the Freedom Charter?
2300
Is it true that people disliked the idea of Communism that featured in the Freedom Charter?
yes
When did the Treason Trial take place?
Between 1956 and 1961
What happened in South Africa on the 5th of December 1956?
156 men and women were arrested for high treason. Of these 156 people, 105 were black Africans, 23 were white, 21 were Indian and 7 were coloured. These people were accused of conspiring to overthrow the government and replace it with a Communist regime
Why was the Treason Trial an embarrassment to the government?
Because they had to withdraw 65 charged, including one against ANC president Albert Luthuli. This is because there wasn’t enough evidence to charge them. Those accused were released from prison on bail, but banned from all political activity.
Why did Robert Sobukwe help form the PAC?
Because he disagreed with the integrationist approach of the ANCYL and was a firm supporter of Africanism
What is an integrationist?
Someone who believes that all races, including white people, should be involved in the fight against Apartheid
Why did the PAC reject the Freedom charter?
because it rejected the idea of equal rights for whites, whom they accused of exploiting and oppressing black Africans
Did the PAC believe that Africans could only work successfully by themselves?
Yes, as they believed in Africanism. This was the idea that Black Africans and their culture should dominate in South Africa.
When was the PAC formed?
In April 1959
How many people did the PAC consist of when it was first formed?
400
What was the manifesto of the PAC?
“The African people will not tolerate the existence of other national groups within the confines of one nation.”
When was the PAC outlawed?
In 1960, by the 1960 Unlawful Organisations Act
Did the PAC oppose communism?
Yes
What was the key difference between the ANC and the PAC?
The ANC believed that all ethnic groups could participate in the struggle against Apartheid. The PAC believed that only black Africans could play a role in the struggle against Apartheid.
Who was Potlako leballo?
A radical Africanist who succeeded Sobukwe as leader of the PAC
By the end of 1959, how much did the PAC exceed the membership of the ANC by?
25000
Did the PAC see itself as a rival to the ANC?
Yes and it always sought to one up the ANC in the leadership of Anti- Apartheid activities, e.g the Sharpeville Massacre in March 1961
What does the PAC stand for?
The Pan- Africanist Congress
Was the Freedom charter the basis of the1996 constitution?
Yes
When was the sharpeville Massacre?
Monday 21st March 1960
Why did the protest in Sharpeville happen?
Because PAC leader Robert Suwake wanted to organise a protest about the pass laws.
How did the Sharpeville protest turn violent?
The police initially fired a shot because they thought that a policeman had been injured by the protestors. However, the police then continued to fire shots.
Did mass protests increase after the Sharpeville massacre?
Yes
What did the State of emergency after the Sharpeville massacre deem anti-apartheid protests as?
illegal
Which law was passed after the Sharpeville Massacre?
The 1960 Unlawful Organisations Act
What did the 1960 Unlawful Organisations Act state?
That anti apartheid groups were banned
How many people died in the sharpeville massacre?
69
How many people were injured in the Sharpeville massacre?
187
Describe the events of the Sharpeville massacre
On Monday the 21st March 1960, a crowd estimated between 5000 and 20000 gathered outside the police station at Sharpeville. They were peacefully protesting about having to carry passes and demanding to be arrested for not carrying them. The police refused to arrest them because it was impratical to do so. As the morning went on, several more police officers joined . Soon after, the shootings began and it was hard to regain control of the situation.
How many participants of the defiance campaign were arrested over the 6 mo nths it took place?
8,500
Did Sharpeville have a history of protestors clashing with the police?
Yes
When the state of emergency was passed on the 30th of march 1960 how many people were arrested?
10,000 people. 2000 people were arrested within the first few days
Was Nelson mandela arrested after the sharpeville massacre?
Yes, despite still being in the Treason Trial
44
When was Mk formed?
On the 16th of December 1961
What does MK stand for?
uMkhonto we Sizwe
What does uMkhinto mean?
Spear of the nation
Who led MK?
Leaders of the ANC, like Nelson mandela, and the leaders of the South Africam communist Party, like Joe Slovo
Why was MK created?
Because the ANC and the SACP realised that non violent forms of resistance weren’t effective and often met with violence, as proven by the Sharpeville Massacre.
Why was Albert Luthuli sceptical about the formation of MK at first?
Because he had a strong commitment to non violence. However, he agreed that making the MK a separate organisation to the ANC would be a good idea.
How did Mk carry through its aim of ending Apartheid?
By carrying out acts of sabotage. i.e railways and government offices
Did Mk aim to avoid the loss of life?
Yes
What did the Mk do when it initially began its campaign on the 16th of December 1961?
Bombings were carried out in government buildings in Durban and Port Elizabeth, including an electricity substation
What happened in the consequent 18 months after MK was formed?
200 attacks by Mk took place, including attacks on government buildings
What was Poqo?
An armed wing of the PAC, who were aggressive, violent, and made no attempt at avoiding loss of life. Poqo was the most anti-white underground movement of its time
What does ‘Poqo’ literally mean?
‘pure’ or ‘alone’
Who led Poqo?
PAC leaders, such as Potlako Leballo
Why was Poqo created?
Poqo was created in response to the injustices black people faced in South Africa and also because of the PAC protestors who were killed at the Sharpeville Massacre
What were the aims of Poqo?
To target policemen, informers, and white people, in an attempt to destabilise the country. That way, they thought they could form a South Africa entirely for themselves
In what year was Poqo formed?
In early 1961
What was the assault on the white settlement of Paarl?
When on the 22nd of November 1962, a mob of 250 supporters armed with axes and homemade weapons attacked the police station and brutally hacked 2 young white people to death
How was repression increasing before Rivonia?
-Public meetings were prohibited
- the ANC and PAC were banned as unlawful organisations
- the ‘General Laws Amendment Act’ was passed 1963 (90 days act)
-the ‘Sabotage Act’ of 1962 was passed
What was the maximum punishment for sabotage in the 1960’s?
Hanging
What was the minimum punishment for sabotage in the 1960’s?
5 years imprisonment
Why was Mandela arrested in August 1962?
Because the government charged him with incitement to strike and travelling abroad without a passport. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison without parole
While Mandela was in prison on Robben Island, where did the South African security forces raid?
The Liliesleaf farm on the 11th of July 1963
What happened when the government raided the Liliesleaf farm on the 11th of July 1963?
They found MK operatives, weapons, and over 250 incriminating documents.
What was the aftermath of the Liliesleaf farm being raided in Rivonia?
- Mandela was accused of many things, including the incitement to cause violent revolution- this was a capital offence.
- The Rivonia trial took place in October 1963 and the defendants, key leaders of the ANC and Mk including Nelson Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island.
What was the UN’s response to the outcome of the Rivonia trial?
The UN called for the defendants to be released
What did the unimprisoned ANC leaders do following the Rivonia Trial?
They went into exile and regrouped and reorganised abroad.
What did Mandela say in his 4 hr speech during the Rivonia Trial?
He admitted that he belonged to both the ANC and Mk and justified the ANC struggle against Apartheid.
What is a good quote to use from Mandela’s Rivonia Trial speech?
‘Above all, we want equal political rights, because without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know this sounds revolutionary to the whites in the country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the white man fear democracy’.
Was Verwoerd bothered by the international protests against the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
No
What did dockworkers in several countries threaten to do after the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
Refuse to handle South African goods in the ports
What did new leader of the Communist Soviet Union, Lenoid Brezhnev, threaten to do after the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
called for clemency, alongside US congressmen and British MP’s
Did 50 British MP’s lead a protest march in London after hearing of the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
Yes
What happened to Chief Luthuli following the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
He was put under house arrest and found it difficult to contact his colleagues
Did Oliver Tambo go into exile following the Rivonia Trial?
Yes
Did SACP activist Joe Slovo go into exile following the Rivonia Trial?
Yes
What did the 1963 General Laws Amendment Act/90 Days Act mean?
That it was easy to detain political opposition for long periods of time
Who became the leader of the ANC after the Rivonia Trial?
Oliver Tambo
Who became the leader of MK after the Rivonia Trial?
Joe Modise
In which election did Verwoerd increase his majority?
In the 1958 election
When Verwoerd held an election in 1960 about South Africa becoming a Republic, what percentage of South Africa voted in favour of this?
52%
What were the aftermaths of South Africa becoming a republic in 1960?
- The Queen was removed as Head of State and replaced by a State president
- The Rand - a new currency- was also brought in
When was Verwoerd assassinated and by who?
In 1966 by a parliamentary messenger of Greek origin
Who replaced Verwoerd?
Vorster
Before Vorster became prime minister, who was he?
Minister of Justice
Did police power increase during Voster’s rule?
Yes
Which prime minister passed the 1967 Terrorism Act?
Vorster
What did the 1967 Terrorism Act state ?
That prisoners could be held indefinitely without tria
What was the new police headquarters that opened in 1968 in Johannesburg called?
John Vorster Square
Which South African prime minister established the Bureau of State Security?
Vorster’s government
