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A- level History > Russia- the nature of government > Flashcards

Russia- the nature of government Flashcards

1
Q

What does the word ‘autocrat’ come from?

A

The Greek word for ‘self rule’

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2
Q

What themes does the nature of government cosist of?

A
  • Structure
  • Ideology (beliefs)
  • Repression/reform
  • Opposition
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3
Q

What are some key terms to use when talking about ideology?

A
  • Autocracy
  • Marxism-Leninism
  • Totalitarianism/Stalinism
  • Destalinisation
  • Communism
  • Tsarism
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4
Q

What are some key words/phrases to use when writing nature of government questions?

A
  • Diluted
  • Liberalised
  • Fundamental Differences
  • Reaffirmed
  • Strengthened
  • Fundamental
  • Limited
  • Stark differences
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5
Q

How did Alexander III strengthen the secret police?

A

by introducing the Statute of State Security, which gave more powers to the Okhrana.

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6
Q

Why is Alexander II known as the Tsar Liberator?

A

because he gave the serfs legal freedom, with 40 million serfs
freed from being tied to the land

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7
Q

Can Alexander III be said to be reactionary?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Why can the provisional government be said to have a liberal ideology?

A

because they gave many freedoms during their rule, including freeing all
political prisoners and abolishing the secret police

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9
Q

What did Marxism-Leninism focus on?

A

Class, persecution of religion, equality etc

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10
Q

What did Totalitarianism focus on?

A

-Control of every part of people’s lives.

-Internal passports introduced, use of terror, propaganda, personality cult, and 5 year plans/collectivization to control all of Russian life

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11
Q

What did Destalinisation focus on?

A

Reduction in repression from Stalin’s rule. Millions released from repression, by 1960 only 11,000 political prisoners left in Gulags.

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12
Q

What are the best pieces of evidence for changes in ideology during this time period?

A
  • Lenin’s introduction of Marxism-Leninism, as it marked the end of Tsarism and the autocracy.
  • Alexander’s liberalism, with the emancipation and the introduction of the lateral reforms.
  • Alexander III reaffirming his ideology with the Statute of State security, which gave more poweres to the Okhrana.
  • Nicholas II reaffirming his autocracy by introducing the Fundamental Laws of 1906, which significantly reduced the powers of the Duma.
  • Destalinisation under Khrushchev . Decentralised power, no more command economy.
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13
Q

How should a synoptic paragraph be written?

A
  • Clear sentence starter
  • At least 3 examples
  • Trends/Exceptions?
  • Explanation of why in relation to the q
  • Mini judgement
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14
Q

Give some key features of a Tsarist autocracy:

A
  • selected by God.
  • Violent repression of real or imagined opposition.
  • Service state
  • Absolute power that wasn’t shared with anyone else.
  • Power of monarchy legally unrestricted.
  • Church justified autocracy.
  • No democracy.
  • Cult of personality built around the Tsar
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15
Q

Define ideologies

A

a system of ideas and ideals, especially ones which form the basis of economic or political theory or policy

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16
Q

When did Alexander II sign the Treaty of Paris?

A

In 1856

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17
Q

Before Alexander II was killed, was he going to introduce a new constsitution?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Who was the most repressive Tsar?

A

Alexander III

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19
Q

Who suspended all of Alexander II’s reforms?

A

Alexander III

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20
Q

Who introduced an intense form of Russification?

A

Alexander III

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21
Q

What is Russification?

A

forcing everyone to be Russian

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22
Q

Which Tsar closed newspapers and unis?

A

Alexander III

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23
Q

Did Nicholas II lose the Japanese war?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Which Tsar did the bloody sunday massacre happen under ?

A

Nicholas II

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25
Q

Who introduced the duma?

A

Nicholas II

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26
Q

Why did Nicholas II introduce the Duma?

A

Because of the 1905 revolution

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27
Q

Do all the Tsar’s change the structure of government?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is Marxism?

A

The idea that the workers would overthrow the middle classes, then there would be a dictatorship for a short period of time, then a communist society would be established where everyone would be equal.

29
Q

Who are the Proleteriat?

A

The working classes

30
Q

Who are the burgeoise?

A

the middle classes/the better off

31
Q

Where were the basis of karl Marx’s ideas laid out?

A

In ‘The Communist Manifesto’, which he and Friedrich Engels published in 1848

32
Q

When was the Communist manifesto laid out ?

A

in 1848

33
Q

What were the key phases of Marx’s views?

A
  • Feudal phase
  • Capitalist phase
  • Socialist phase
  • Communism
34
Q

What was the feudal phase?

A
  • Where there was competing social and economic classes.
  • For example, the landowners and the serfs.
  • This will change when society industrialies and the business middle class gain power.
35
Q

What was the Capitalist phase?

A
  • Where there was competing social and middle classes.
  • For example, the middle class and the industrial workers.
  • This will change when industrial workers are treated so badly under capitalism that they decide to revolt.
36
Q

What was the Socialist phase?

A
  • This was where equality and harmony will develop under the political guidance of the industrial working class.
  • This will change when all class conflict finally ends and as a result, communism is achievede.
37
Q

What did Karl Marx say about the economy?

A

That it was the dominant factor in a country and that it shaped the governement

38
Q

what is the base?

A

the economy

39
Q

what is the superstructure?

A
  • everything thing else other than the economy.
  • i.e government, family, religion, education, culture
40
Q

did karl marx believe that the base should dictate the superstructure?

A

yes

41
Q

who said that ‘power should rest with the proletariat and the poorer peasants’?

A

Karl Marx

42
Q

What is the difference between Marx’s path towards revolution and Lenein’s?

A
  • Lenin argued that the move to worker control of the means of production, distribution and exchange should be sped up.
  • He rushed through Marx’s stages and didn’t wait for Russia to be industrialised.
  • So, there wasn’t enough workers.
  • This allowed the government to use political power to determine the character of the economy.
  • Lenin also rejected democracy.
43
Q

What did Stalin follow?

A

Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism

44
Q

Did Stalin put an emphasis on the command economy?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is a comman economy?

A

where the economy is dictated by the state, hence giving the government more control

46
Q

Did Stalin rule as a dictator?

A

Yes

47
Q

Did Stalin use propaganda to build a positive image of himself?

A

yes

48
Q

What happened to the superstructure of Russia under Stalin’s rule?

A

It became hughly personalised

49
Q

What did Stalin’s propaganda centralise on?

A

a cult of personality

50
Q

What are the evidence of the use of a command economy in Stalin’s rule?

A
  • 5 years plans
51
Q

does the scale and scope of everything increase under Stalin?

A

Yes

52
Q

Why did Stalin make all the changes that he made?

A
  • Because of the circumstances i.e war
  • Because of the megalomania
  • Because he was continuing Lenin’s policies, just at a greater scale and scope
53
Q

What is the definition of megalomania?

A

an individual’s belief that they are very powerful and important

54
Q

Who launched a fierce attack on Stalin?

A

Khrushchev

55
Q

Who blamed Stalin for all the atrocities of the terror and purges?

A

Khrushchev

56
Q

What happened when Khrushchev made a deliberate and distinct shift from Stalin’s totalitarianism?

A

This allowed for the decentralisation of power and reduced repression. There was also a relaxation of censorship

57
Q

Who coined the term ‘destalinisation’?

A

Khrushchev

58
Q

Did Khrushchev progress with the idea of central leadership?

A

Yes

59
Q

What did Khrushchev do to politcal prisoners?

A

He released them from labour camps

60
Q

Under Khrushchev, was the legacy of the cult of personality destroyed?

A

Yes

61
Q

What type of economic plans did Khrushchev have in place?

A

7 year economic plans

62
Q

What were the similarities in ideologies of the Russian rulers?

A
  • All believed in the need for absolute control.
  • All used personalised power.
  • All used repression as a means of maintaining control.
  • All used reform to maintain control.
  • All reluctant to allow openness and the proliferation of freedom.
  • All used a cult of personality.
63
Q

What were the differences in the ideologies of the Russian rulers?

A
  • They had different justifications for autocratic rule- Tsar’s used God, whilst the Communists sued the need to transfer power to the workers.
  • They had different views on progress. Backwardness VS forward-looking.
  • The society under Tsars was upheld by the peasants, whilst the society under the Communists was upheld by the workers.
64
Q

Why did the Russian rulers have ideological similarities?

A

because of…

  • their desire to control every aspect of society.
  • the size and diversity of Russia.
  • difficulties in imposing new ideologies.
65
Q

Why did the Russian rulers have ideological differences?

A
  • because of the background of their ideology.
  • because they were all trying to achieve different aims.
66
Q

What does the Nature

A
67
Q
A
68
Q

Did the Fundamnetal Laws of 1906 re-assert Nicholas II’s autocracy?

A

Yes

69
Q
A

A- level History (19 decks)

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