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Pathological Liars > Concepts of Disease + Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Concepts of Disease + Cellular Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular adaptation

A
  • cells must adapt to internal and external environmental changes
  • may change change size or form, but still functions normally
  • may be temporary or permanent, based on timeline
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2
Q

examples of adaptation

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
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3
Q

Atrophy usually affects what tissue?

A

muscle tissue

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4
Q

How does Atrophy affect cells?

A

its a decrease in cell size

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5
Q

Atrophy causes?

A
  1. disuse
  2. denervation (nerves supplying tissue stop working)
  3. decrease in nutrition
  4. hormone imbalance
  5. lack of blood or oxygen flow
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6
Q

Hypertrophy usually affects what tissue?

A

muscle tissue: cardiac and skeletal

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7
Q

How does Hypertrophy affect cells?

A

it is an increase in cell size

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8
Q

Hypertrophy cause?

A

increased work demand on cells

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9
Q

Hypertrophic physiologic reason?

A

exercise - weight lifting, running, etc.

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10
Q

Hypertrophic pathologic reason and 2 types

A

disease

  • adaptive
  • compensatory
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11
Q

Compensatory hypertrophy?

A

one organ increases in size to make up for loss of the other

ex: lose a kidney and other enlarges to make up for its function

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12
Q

Adaptive hypertrophy?

A

some sort or resistance in the body causes tissue to work harder

ex: myocardial hypertrophy

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13
Q

Hyperplasia affect on cells

A

increase in number of cells

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14
Q

Hyperplasia can be a normal response to?

A

tissue removal

ex: liver regeneration

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15
Q

What cell types do hyperplasia affect?

A

labile or stable cells
- skin, liver, skeletal

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16
Q

Metaplasia occurs when…

A

we look at a specific area of the body and see a different type of cell than expected

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17
Q

T/F - metaplasia can cause different tissue types to form

A

False - cell type changes, but tissue type does not
Same umbrella of tissue

example: simple cuboidal epithelium–> simple columnar
NOT simple cuboidal epithelium –> reticular connective tissue

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18
Q

Metaplasia causes?

A

chronic irritation or inflammation

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19
Q

Dysplasia occurs when…

A

we look at an area of cells under the microscope and see disorganized sample
- different levels of maturity, shape, etc.

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20
Q

Dysplasia is a future predictor of…

A

cancer (beginning stages)

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21
Q

Intracellular accumulations 3 general categories

A
  1. abnormal amounts of normal substances (ex: bilirubin)
  2. abnormal endogenous substances (normal substance in wrong place in body)
  3. foreign or exogenous products (external)
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22
Q

Causes for intracellular accumulation

A
  1. metabolism problems
  2. organ dysfunction
  3. genetic disorders
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23
Q

What is tissue calcification and what are the 2 types?

A
  • abnormal deposits of calcium and other minerals into the tissues
  1. dystrophic
  2. metastatic
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24
Q

Dystrophic tissue calcification occurs when…

A

a group of injured or dying cells in a particular location die, open up, and release their contents into the surrounding area

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25
Q

Dystrophic tissue calcification results in…

A

a LOCALIZED deposit of calcium in that area of tissue

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26
Q

Dystrophic tissue calcification effects:

A

the large, visible deposit causes damage to surrounding tissue and causes stiffness in that area
- stiff movement –> cant close valve properly

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27
Q

Where can dystrophic tissue calcification be seen?

A

seen in people with atherosclerosis and healed TB lesions

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28
Q

Metastatic tissue calcification occurs when there is…

A

elevated calcium concentration in the blood

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29
Q

Is Metastatic tissue calcification localized or systemic?

A

systemic

30
Q

Metastatic tissue calcification levels can get so HIGH/LOW that it causes…

A

Can get so HIGH that it causes microscopic calcium deposits in tissues

31
Q

Dystrophic vs. Metastatic tissue calcification

A

Dystrophic causes more significant tissue damage, but Metastatic is more widespread

32
Q

What are the 5 Types of cellular injury?

A
  1. Physical injury
  2. Radiation exposure
  3. Infectious/biologic agents
  4. Chemical agents
  5. Deficiency of critical nutrients
33
Q

Types of Physical cellular injuries

A
  1. blunt force
  2. sharp force
  3. temperature
34
Q

Blunt force physical cellular injury definition and examples

A
  • tissue is crushed, sheared, or torn

Examples:
- contusions (bruises)
- hematomas (blood pockets)
- abrasions (scrapes)
- lacerations

35
Q

Sharp force physical cellular injury definition and examples

A
  • large amount of force applied to a smaller area of tissue

Examples:
- Stab wounds
- Puncture wounds
- Incised wounds

36
Q

Lacerations vs. incisions

A

Lacerations are accidental

Incisions are precise, clean - surgical

37
Q

2 types of Temperature physical cellular injuries

A
  • heat injury (low intensity and high intensity)
  • cold injuries
38
Q

Low intensity Heat injury

A
  • occurs in extremities
  • damages small blood vessels
  • disrupts enzyme activity
  • damages cell membranes
  • some cell death, blisters, not deep

example: hit elbow on stove, sunburn

39
Q

High intensity Heat injury

A
  • occurs in extremities
  • worse damage to blood vessels
  • coagulation of proteins

example: electrical burns, exposure to open flame

40
Q

Cold temperature injuries can cause:

A

reduced blood flow
- increased blood viscosity (blood thickness)
- vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels)

frostbite
- freezing can form ice crystals in tissue

41
Q

Ionizing Radiation exposures

A
  • above normal UV range
  • gamma rays
  • can displace electrons and potentially alter DNA

examples: X-rays, nuclear bombs

42
Q

Non-ionizing Radiation exposures

A
  • below visible spectrum
  • can generate heat

ex: microwaves

43
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

reduced oxygen in the cells

44
Q

Causes of localized and systemic hypoxia

A

localized - COPD, asthma, high altitude

systemic - problem with arterial blood flood to tissue

45
Q

What disorders can cause hypoxic cellular injury?

A

oxygenation - problem with gas exchange

perfusion - adequate blood flow to any area

46
Q

Predictable steps when O2 is low (hypoxia)
- Effect on metabolism/ ATP, and Na/K+ pump

A
  1. Aerobic metabolism cannot function without O2, so it becomes anaerobic metabolism
  2. ATP production is slowed
  3. Nasty byproducts of anaerobic metabolism cause a buildup of lactic acid, and then acidosis
  4. Na/K pump halts –> increase in Na –> increase in H2O –> cell swells –> cell lyses –> cell membrane dies
47
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

impaired arterial blood supply to a specific area of tissue

blood flow or O2 reduction

48
Q

Ischemia is the most common cause of…

A

localized hypoxia
- low blood supply/O2

49
Q

Does Ischemia cause tissue death? Why or why not?

A

No
- since blood supply is not completely cut off, the tissue is simply injured, not dead

50
Q

Ischemia is reversible IF…

A

blood flow is restored to the area QUICKLY

51
Q

What is the most common cause of Ischemia?

A

atherosclerosis
- slow build up of plaque lesions inside artery leads to the artery being choked off
- not enough cross sectional areas for normal blood flow

52
Q

What is Infarction? What is it caused by?

A
  • PERMANENT tissue death
  • caused by the sudden and complete stoppage of arterial blood
  • total lack of oxygen
53
Q

Is Infarction localized or systemic? What is an example?

A

localized

ex: myocardial infarction –> stroke

54
Q

What is Necrosis? What causes it?

A
  • dead cells in an overall living person
  • entire person is not dead, only a section of cells/tissue is

Caused by:
- Unregulated cell digestion by enzymes –> products are released into extracellular space –> localized inflammation

55
Q

Cells + tissues that die may…

A
  • may undergo liquefaction
  • if enough protein retained: coagulation
56
Q

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis

A

Apoptosis: orderly, programmed cell death due to cell maturity, growth, or turnover

Necrosis: messy, unplanned cell death due to injury of disease

57
Q

Fate of necrotic tissue in smaller area

A

demolished + removed by phagocytosis

58
Q

Fate of necrotic tissue per tissue type

A
  • can regenerate based on tissue type
  • if more advanced: scar tissue forms
59
Q

Fate of necrotic tissue if Gangrene in extremities

A

dead tissue may slough (fall) off

60
Q

Fate of INTERNAL necrotic tissue

A

may be encapsulated w/ fibrous connective tissue and then calcified

61
Q

What is Gangrene? What is it caused by?

A
  • a large macroscopic area of necrosis
  • caused by deprivation of blood supply (not complete blockage)
62
Q

What type of bacteria is associated with gangrene, and what is it’s function?

A

Saprophytic bacteria
- grows over dead tissue, digests it, and breaks down substance

63
Q

Tissue/skin integrity is compromised when…

A

tissue death is on surface

especially in extremities

64
Q

Dry Gangrene characteristics

A

tissue becomes:
- dry
- wrinkly
- changes color to a dark brown/black

line of demarcation: clear line between dead and healthy tissue

65
Q

Dry Gangrene is caused by:

A

ARTERIAL blood blockage w/ no interference of venous return

66
Q

Dry Gangrene is most commonly located in…

A

the extremities (feet - most peripheral point)

67
Q

Wet Gangrene characteristics

A
  • tissue is cold, swollen, and dark
  • may have blebs on surface (fluid filled blisters)
  • foul odor due to bacterial differences
68
Q

Wet Gangrene is caused by:

A

interference with VENOUS return

69
Q

Wet Gangrene can occur after

A

severe burns

70
Q

Wet Gangrene may be located in…

A

internal organs OR extremities

71
Q

Which is more dangerous: Wet or Dry Gangrene?
Why?

A

Wet gangrene is considered more dangerous
- moves through the body and takes over healthy tissue quicker than dry
- progresses quicker + can become systemic

72
Q

Which of these are reversible and which are permanent:
- Cellular changes (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia)
- Cellular damage (hypoxic injury, ischemia, infarction, necrosis, dry/wet gangrene)
- Cellular injury (physical, radiation, infections, chemical, nutrient deficiency)

A

Reversible:
- atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
- hypoxic injury, ischemia

Permanent:
- infarction, necrosis, wet/dry gangrene

Pathological Liars (7 decks)

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