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pathological liars > Immune System Disorders > Flashcards

Immune System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Immunodeficiency disorders have increased…

A

increased susceptibility to disease states

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2
Q

2 classifications of immunodeficiency disorders

A

Primary: congenital or inherited

Secondary: develops later in life

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3
Q

Humoral Immunodeficiencies are associated with…

A

B-cell dysfunction

decreased Ig production

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4
Q

What are humoral immunodeficient people are at an increased risk for and why?

A

increased risk for recurrent infections
- do not product antibodies
- can get infected with same virus over and over again

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5
Q

Examples of Humoral Immunodeficiencies - transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy

A

deficiencies of antibodies at birth –> no immune system

leads to increased respiratory tract infections + allergies

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6
Q

Examples of Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Primary humoral immunodeficiency disorder

A

impaired differentiation + maturation of lymphoid stem cells

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7
Q

Examples of Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Secondary humoral immunodeficiency disorder

A

numerous causes:
- increase in Ig deficiency
- decrease in Ig production

cancer

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8
Q

Cell Mediated Immunodeficiency - Primary
(affected by…)

A

T cell: considered MOST SEVERE

affected by viral, fungal, and opportunistic infections

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9
Q

Secondary cell mediated immunodeficiency is frequently associated with…

A

acute viral infection

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10
Q

Primary vs. Secondary cell mediated immunodeficiency

A

Secondary is more prevalent

T cell is more severe

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11
Q

Combined B and T cell immunodeficiencies are caused by…

A

mutations in genes that impact lymphocyte development or response

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12
Q

The disruption of communication between humoral and cell mediated response can be attributed to…

A

a failure of adaptive immune response

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13
Q

Examples of Combined B and T cell immunodeficiencies

A

Combined: diminished T-cell function + B-cell antibody production

Severe Combined: diverse group of disorders with profound deficiencies of B and T cells

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14
Q

The complement system usually coordinates…

A

chemotaxis, opsonization, and phagocytosis

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15
Q

Opsonization

A

the coating of targeted cells or pathogens to prepare them for phagocytosis

Red flag

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16
Q

Disorders of Complement System - Primary

A
  • congenital
  • autosomal recessive, dominant, or codominant traits
  • increase in infections with high grade (meningitis, gonorreah) pathogens
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17
Q

Disorders of Complement System - Secondary
(cause, commonly seen in)

A

cause:
- rapid activation or turnover of complement components
- poor nutrients

commonly seen in chronic liver disease

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18
Q

phagocytosis is activated by:

A

chemotactic factors

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19
Q

Disorders of Phagocytosis - Primary Disorders

A

affect
- leukocyte adhesion
- microbicidal product + activity

increased chronic and acute infections

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20
Q

Disorders of Phagocytosis - Secondary Disorders

A

associated with:
- leukemia
- bowel infections
- diabetes

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21
Q

Transplantation is the process of…

A

taking cell, tissues, or organs (grafts) from one personal and placing into another

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22
Q

Allografts

A

transplanted from another person (person –> person)

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23
Q

Autografts (hint: 1st grade)

A

one part of the body is transplanted into another part of the same person

(my hip bone –> gum transplant in 1st grade lol)

24
Q

Donor vs. Host

A

Donor provides graft

Host receives graft

25
Q

MHC function

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A set of genes that encode for molecules in the surface of most body cells

help immune system designate body cells to being specific to a body

26
Q

HLA function

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens

Human version of MHC
- antigens that determine self vs. non-self cells

27
Q

MHC molecules or HLAs expressed on cell surfaces enable…

A

enable T lymphocytes to respond to antigens while ignoring “self” antigens

28
Q

Alloantigens

A

HLA molecules that are recognized as foreign on allografts

29
Q

3 types of Transplant rejection (Host vs. Graft)

A
  1. T-cell mediated (most common)
  2. Antibody-mediated (humoral rejection)
  3. Chronic rejection
30
Q

T-Cell mediated transplanted rejection is initiated by:

A

presentation of donor alloantigens to host T lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells (APCs)
- molecules of donor + host T cells don’t like each other

31
Q

Direct pathway of T-cell mediated transplant rejection occurs when…

A

T lymphocyte activation occurs this pathway if the antigen presenting cells (APCs) originate from donor

CD8+ T cell direct cell toxicity attack

32
Q

Indirect pathway of T-cell mediated transplant rejection occurs when…

A

T lymphocyte activation occurs this pathway if the antigen presenting cells (APCs) originate from recipient

CD4+ T cells –> cytokines –> delayed hypersensitivity reaction

33
Q

Antibody mediated transplant rejection is caused by..

A

B-lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation –> donor specific antibodies

34
Q

Antibody mediated transplant rejection - Hyperacute (when does tit occur?)

A

occurs immediately after vascular reperfusion to graft tissue
- right after blood flow restoration

35
Q

Antibody mediated transplant rejection - Acute (when does tit occur?)

A

occurs within days to weeks after transplantation

antibodies don’t float around - -> slow antibody build

36
Q

Chronic Transplant Rejection

A
  • body attacks transplanted organ
  • immune mediated inflammatory injury
  • occurs over a prolonged period
37
Q

Graft vs. Host disease occurs..

A
  • most frequently after allogenic stem cell transplant
  • when DONOR T-cells react to HLAs on HOST cells

graft recognizes Host as foreign and attack body

38
Q

3 conditions required at Graft vs. Host

A
  1. graft contains cells that are immunologically competent
  2. recipient cells must express antigens not present on donor cells
  3. recipient must be immunologically compromised and incapable of mounting a defense
39
Q

3 step process of donor t-cells reacting to host HLAs

A
  1. activation of recipient APCs
  2. activation, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of donor T-cells
  3. target tissue destruction
40
Q

What is an Autoimmune Disease?

A

immune system fails to differentiate itself in adaptive immunity
- self vs. non-self fails

41
Q

What is impacted in an autoimmune disorder?

A

any cell type, tissue, or organ

42
Q

Causes/mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases

A
  1. heredity
    - susceptibility genes
    - first-degree relatives
  2. environmental
    - viral infection, smoking, chemical exposure, non-breastfed infants
43
Q

Immunologic Tolerance - Self tolerance
(definition, common location, 2 types)

A
  • immune system ability to differentiate self vs. non-self
  • usually done through the lymph system: where B and T-cells are produced
  1. central - systemic in central locations
  2. peripheral - specific, localized peripheral areas
44
Q

Immunologic Tolerance - Autoreactivity

A

organism acts against its own tissue

45
Q

Immunologic Tolerance - B cell Tolerance

A

immune system’s production of autoantibodies
- immune proteins that mistakenly target and react with a person’s own tissues or organs

ex: graves disease

46
Q

Immunologic Tolerance - T Cell Tolerance (2 types)

A
  1. positive selection
    - based on maturation of T-cells
    - when they become mature lymphocytes, become CD4 or CD8
    - does not react strongly to MCH or HLA molecules
  2. negative selection
    - T cells never mature into CD4 or CD8 lymphocytes
    - programmed cell death
    - respond MCH complexes
47
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A
  • multisystemic
  • inflammatory
  • chronic
48
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - causes

A
  • autoantibodies are produced against almost every blood cell type, protein, DNA
  • autoantibody/antigen complexes are deposited in tissue, bones, joints, blood vessels and cause significant damage
49
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - manifestations

A
  • arthralgias/arthritis
  • vasculitis (joints)
  • butterfly rash (embedded in blood vessels + epithelial cells)
  • anemia (due to SLE ability to destroy red blood cells)
  • cardiovascular disease
  • renal damage
  • kidney failure
50
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - treatments

A
  • NSAIDs
  • corticosteroids
  • immunosuppressants
51
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis - manifestations

A

systemic
- fatigue
- anorexia/weight loss
- generalized aching and stiffness

  • articular and extra-articular manifestations: nodules under knuckles + joints
52
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by…

A
  • exacerbations and remissions
  • may only involve a few joints for a brief or become relentlessly progressive + debilitating
  • symmetrical joint deformity: if left, will spread to right
  • autoantibodies that attack cartilage
53
Q

Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  1. morning stiffness for at least 1 hour for at least 6 weeks
  2. swelling of 3 or more joints for at least 6 weeks
    - wrist, knuckles, metacarpophalangeal, or proximal interphalangeal joints
  3. systemic joint swelling
  4. hand XR changes typical with the disorder
  5. Serum rheumatoid factor
  6. nodules
54
Q

If Rheumatoid Arthritis does not receive proper treatment, it may lead to…

A
  • subluxation: dislocation of the joint –> misalignment to bond ends
  • “swan neck” deformity
  • joint instability
  • limitation of movement
55
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis - treatment

A

steroids and immunosuppressants to limit damage

pathological liars (7 decks)

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