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128: PHYS 2 > CHPT 10- blood vessels > Flashcards

CHPT 10- blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

which organs receive more blood for metabolic needs `

A

reconditioning organs

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2
Q

examples of reconditioning organs

A

digestive organs, kidneys, and skin

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3
Q

what do reconditioning organs do Better than other organs

A

handle decreased blood flow

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4
Q

which body structure can’t handle decreased blood floe

A

brain

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5
Q

what helps blood regulate temp

A

water

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6
Q

volume of blood passing through a vessel is ___ to pressure

A

directly proportional

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7
Q

vascular resistance and volume are

A

indirectly proportional

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8
Q

pressure gradient is

A

pressure diff b/w beginning and end of a vessel

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9
Q

which direction does blood flow

A

down the pressure gradient

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10
Q

why does pressure decrease

A

due to friction

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11
Q

what happens with a narrow diameter

A

decreased flow, increased pressure and resistance

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12
Q

what determines flow of rate

A

pressure gradient

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13
Q

measure of ‘delay’/ opposition to blood flow is

A

vasular resistance

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14
Q

what does resistance result from

A

friction between moving fluid and stationary vascular wall

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15
Q

increased resistance causes

A

decreased blood flow and increase heart rate (ONLY IF P IS CONSTANT)

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16
Q

resistance is affected by:

A
  • blood viscosity
  • vessel length
  • vessel radius
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17
Q

friction between molecules of a fluid is known as

A

blood viscosity

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18
Q

what is blood viscosity determined by?

A

of circulating RBCs, water, and cellular components

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19
Q

constant radius with long vessel =

A

increased s.a = increase resistance

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20
Q

vessel radius is

A

the most important factor in determining

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21
Q

which law has factors that affect flow rate

A

poiseilles law

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22
Q

what does poiseilles law indicate

A

flow, P, R, are determined by radius

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23
Q

which bv is the rapid transit passageway for blood to organs

A

arteries

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24
Q

what provides force for blood when heart is relaxing

A

pressure reservoir by arteries

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25
Q

structure of arteries

A

collagen fibers and elastic fibers

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26
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the force extended abasing a vessel wall

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27
Q

what does blood pressure depend on

A
  • V of blood contained within vessel
  • compliance (dispensability) of vessel wall
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28
Q

max pressure exerted by ejected blood during ventricular contraction is known as

A

systolic pressure

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29
Q

how much blood leaves the arteries to go to arterioles

A

1/3

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30
Q

120mmHg is the

A

systolic pressure

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31
Q

diastolic pressure is the

A

min pressure in ratites when blood is draining off into vessels downstream,

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32
Q

when does no blood enter the arteries but continues to leaves

A

diastolic pressure

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33
Q

80mmHg is the

A

diastolic pressure

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34
Q

avg pressure throughout the cardiac cycle is the

A

mean pressure

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35
Q

pulse pressure is

A

systolic p - diastolic p

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36
Q

what type of pressure is felt at the arteries

A

pulse pressure

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37
Q

what are korotkoff sounds

A
  • sounds head when determining BP
  • sounds are distinct from heart sounds associated with value closure
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38
Q

when is the first sound during BP measuring

A
  • peak systolic pressure
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39
Q

when is the last sound heard during BP measuring

A
  • minimum diastolic
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40
Q

when is no sound heard when taking BP

A
  • after the cuff is released
  • due to uninterrupted smooth flow
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41
Q

average pressure driving blood forward into tissues thorough the cardiac cycle is known as

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

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42
Q

how is MAP regulated

A

by BP reflexes

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43
Q

BP refers to

A

MAP

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44
Q

diastolic P + 1/3 pulse P is

A

formula for MAP

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45
Q

what controls smooth muscles for vasoconstriction

A
  • myogenic activity
  • oxygen
  • co2
  • endothelin
  • increased sympathetic stimulation
  • vasopressin
  • angiotensin 2
  • cold
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46
Q
  • myogenic activity
  • oxygen
  • co2
  • NO
  • decreased sympathetic stimulation
  • histamine release
  • heat
    allow vaso___
A

vasodilation

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47
Q

which part of the body does no Vaso constriction or dilation occur in?

A

brain

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48
Q

state of partial constriction of arteriolar smooth muscles is known as

A

vascular tone

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49
Q

factors responsible for vascular tone

A
  • myogenic activités of smooth muscles (neural or hormonal influes)
  • sym fibers releasing NE ( enhances vascular tone)
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50
Q

which factors determine the distribution of cardiac output

A

intrinsic factors

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51
Q

extrinsic factors are

A

important in BP regulation

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52
Q

what is the arteriolar radius controlled by

A

chemical and physical changes

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53
Q

local metabolic changes and histamine release are

A

chemical changes

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54
Q

what happens with histamine release

A

-vasodilation, edema, inflation, prostaglandins

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55
Q

local physical changes are

A
  • application of heat and cold
  • chemical response to shear stress
  • myogenic response to stress
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56
Q

active hyperaemia is

A
  • increases blood flow due to v.dilation
  • allowing more O2 after metabolic changes use a lot of it
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57
Q

intrinsic changes include

A
  • metabolic changes
  • vasoactive mediators
  • histamine changes
  • physical changes
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58
Q

paracrine inflammation signal are

A

prostaglandins

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59
Q

what happens during metabolic changes

A
  • decreased o2, increases co2, acid, K, and osmolarity
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60
Q

which factor causes changes that act directly on smooth muscles of arterioles

A
  • intrinsic changes
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61
Q

function of endothelial cells in blood flow

A
  • line bv
  • participate in material exchange
  • capillary permeability
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62
Q

examples of vasoactive mediators

A
  • NO (nitrate oxide)
  • endothelial cells
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63
Q

blood flowing over the surface of vessels creates

A

shear stress

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64
Q

what happens with increased shear stress to NO and the follow up

A
  • increase NO which causes vasodilation = decreases shear stress (+feedback)
65
Q

what is the myogenic responses to stress

A
  • increased arteriole stretch = increased muscle tension
66
Q

when is myogenic response to stress important

A
  • auto regulation
  • reactive hyperaemia
67
Q

what organ performs auto regulation the best

A

brain

68
Q

trying to keep a constant blood flow for TISSUES despite fluctuations is known as

A

auto regulation

69
Q

reactive hyperaemia is

A

drastic increased blood flow due to previous block

70
Q

neural and hormonal influences are

A

extrinsic control

71
Q

what type of nerve fibers are present in arteriole smooth muscles

A

sympathetic nerve fibers

72
Q

function of sympathetic nerves in arterioles

A
  • vasoconstrictor that’s enhanced by NE.
73
Q

in which arterioles is there parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

penis and clitoris

74
Q

function of medullary cardiovascular control centre

A

adjusts sympathetic output
- BP integration centre

75
Q

what assist sympathetic nerve activity

A

NE and E from the adrenal medulla

76
Q

fluid balancing vasoconstrictors are

A

vasopressin and angiotensin 2

77
Q

location of a1 receptors

A

all arteriolar smooth muscle except brain

78
Q

what receptors do arteriolar smooth muscle in the heart and sk muscle contain

A

b2

79
Q

a1 receptors bond with

A

NE and E

80
Q

b2 only respond to

A

E

81
Q

which receptors causes vasodilation

A

b2

82
Q

a1 receptors cause

A

vasoconstriction

83
Q

what causes effective exchange of materials in capillaries

A

increased length causing the blood flow to decrease

84
Q

can capilaires control viscosity ?

A

no

85
Q

bulk flow is

A

the movement of non protein plasma across capillary walls mixing with ifs and reabsorption

86
Q

what enhances diffusion

A
  • diffusion distance
  • enhanced s.a for diffusion
  • slow velocity
87
Q

linear speed or distance/ unit of time which blood flows is known as

A

velocity of blood flow

88
Q

velocity of blood is ___ proportional to total area of all vessels at any given time

A

inversely

89
Q

what type of junction do brain capillaries have?

A

tight

90
Q

how are proteins carried out from capillaries

A

carrier mediated

91
Q

function of precapilary sphincters

A

regulate blood flow

92
Q

metartrioles location

A

between arteriole and a venue

93
Q

major resistance vessels are

A

arterioles

94
Q

ultrafiltration occurs and what happens

A

when the inside pressure is higher than the outside pressure
- fluid is pushed through capillary pores

95
Q

what is it called when the inward driving pressure is higher than outside and inward movements of material occur

A

reabsorption

96
Q

what are the influences on bulk flow

A
  • capillary BP
  • plasma- colloid osmotic pressure
  • isf hyrdostatic pressure
  • isf - colloid osmotic pressure
97
Q

why is bulk flow important

A

important in regulating distribution of eco between plasma and isf

98
Q

fluid or hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the inside walls is, that forces fluid out is known as

A

capillary BP

99
Q

what happens to capillary BP during dehydration

A

dehydration + low ultrafiltration

100
Q

increased osmolality =

A

increased salt to keep water

101
Q

plasma- colloid osmotic pressure aka oncotic p is

A

the force caused by colloid dispersion of plasma proteins that encourages movement into the cell

102
Q

fluid P entered by isf on outside that forces fluid in is known as

A

isf hyrdostatic pressure`

103
Q

which influences on bulk flow force fluid out

A
  • isf hyrdostatic pressure
  • capillary BP
104
Q
  • plasma- colloid osmotic pressure cause to fluid
A

move in

105
Q

what is higher during dehydration

A

plasma- colloid osmotic pressure

106
Q

when is there high plasma concentration and low water concentration

A

during plasma- colloid osmotic pressure

107
Q

does isf colloid osmotic P contribute to bulk flow and why

A

no, cuz plasma proteins in isf is low

108
Q

where does vasodilation and vasoconstrictor occur?

A

arteriole

109
Q

which ANS receptors are more abundant

A

a1

110
Q

function of lymphatic system

A
  • transport of absorbed fat
  • return of filtered protein
111
Q

isf that enters a lymphatic vessel is known as

A

lymph

112
Q

which veins do the lymphatic vessels dump into

A

-jugular and subclavian then superior vena cava

113
Q

which blood vessels have less smooth muscles, thin walls and decreased elasticity, and large radius

A

veins

114
Q

veins are known as

A

blood reservoir aka capacitance vessel;s

115
Q

venous capacity is

A

V of blood that the veins can accommodate

116
Q

what happens when there is an increase in venous capacity

A
  • more blood remains in veins
  • less blood going to the heart
  • decreased cardiac output
117
Q

what factors affect venous return

A
  • cardiac activity
  • sympathetic induced vasoconstriction
  • sk muscles
  • single one way valves
  • respiratory activity
118
Q

what happens to pressure and venous flow when you take a deep breath

A
  • right artial p decreases
  • venous flow increases
119
Q

cardiac suction

A

decreased p driving venous flow faster

120
Q

what is is blood pressure monitored and regulated by

A

MAP

121
Q

ANS response triggered if there’s any change in MAP is monitored by

A

baroreceptor reflex

122
Q

function of baroreceptor reflex

A
  • influence HR and BP to adjust MAP and restore BP
123
Q

where are the mechnorecpetors/ baroreceptors located

A
  • aortic arch
  • carotid sinus
124
Q

when does rapid depolarization and increase in BP occur

A

increased bp detected by stretch in baroreceptors

125
Q

what is the short term adjustment of baroreceptor reflex

A
  • changes in CO and TPR by ANS
  • influences, heart, veins and arterioles
126
Q

adjusting blood volume by restoring salt and water through urine output and thirst is done through

A

long term adjustments

127
Q

where is the integrating centre for long term adjustment

A

cardiovascular in medulla

128
Q

which receptors have a long term control and regulate by controlling plasma volume

A

left atrial and hypothalamic osmoreceptors

129
Q

location of chemoreceptors

A

carotid and aortic arteries

130
Q

what is the carotid chemoreceptor sensitive to

A
  • decreased O2
  • increased acid levels (CO2)
131
Q

function of chemoreceptors

A

increase respiratory activity and BP

132
Q

certain behaviours and emotions affect the body; where is that input mediated

A

cerebral- hypothalamic pathway

133
Q

temperature is regulated by

A

hypothalamic control over cutaneous (skin) arterioles

134
Q

primary (aka idiopathic or essential) hypertension cause

A
  • variety of unknown causes
  • not a single disease
135
Q

what type of hypertension is 90% common

A

primary (aka idiopathic or essential) hypertension

136
Q

what occurs after known primary hypertension problem

A

secondary hypertension

137
Q

examples of secondary hypertension =

A
  • renal hypertension
  • endocrine hypertension
  • neurogenic
138
Q

what medication promotes salt and water retention

A

angiostensin 2

139
Q

what type of HT is the result of an adrenal medullary tumour that secrets excessive E and NE

A

endocrine

140
Q

neurogenic HT is

A

missing signals
- defect in cardiovascular control centre

141
Q
  • congestive heart failrues
  • stroke
  • heart attack
  • spontaneous haemorrhage (nose bleeds)
  • renal failure
  • retinal damage
    = COMPLICATION OF
A

hypertension

142
Q

compensation of a haemorrhage is

A
  • through medulla
  • decreased CAP
  • increased arterial pressure
143
Q

when does hypotension occur

A
  • decreased blood to fill vessels
  • heart = weak
144
Q

transient hypotensive condition is

A

orthostatic postural hypotension

145
Q

how does orthostatic postural hypotension occur

A

from insufficient compensatory responses to gravitational shifts

146
Q

when does blood pooled in leg veins reduce VR = decreases stroke V, and decreases CO and BP

A

orthostatic postural hypotension

147
Q

signs/ symptoms of orthostatic postural hypotension

A
  • dizziness
  • fainting
  • decreased blood flow to brain
148
Q

what occurs when BP is low and adequate blood flow to tissues Is not maintained

A

circulatory shock

149
Q

hypovolemic shock cause

A

severe haemorrhage or indirect loss of fluids from plasma (excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, urinary losses)

150
Q

what type of shock causes low blood volume

A

hypovolemic shock

151
Q

weak heart that can’t pump blood adequately which leads to decreased cardiac output is an example of which type of shock

A

cariogenic shock

152
Q

vasogenic shock causes

A

widespread vasodilation from sceptic shock and anaphylactic shock

153
Q

a blood infection is known as

A

septic shock

154
Q

decreased sympathetic nerve activity that causes loss of vascular tone and vasodilation is an example of which type of shock

A

neurogenic shock

155
Q

oedema and isf accumulation is

A

swelling of tissues due to accumulation of excess isf

156
Q

caused of oedema and isf accumulation

A
  • reduced concentration of plasma proteins
  • increased permeability of capillary walls
  • increased venous pressure
  • blockage of lymph vessels
157
Q

what causes a decreased plasma colloid pressure (inward pressure)

A

reduced concentration of plasma proteins

158
Q

how does liver disease affect oedema

A
  • it decreased synthesis of plasma proteins

128: PHYS 2 (4 decks)

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