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Patient Care > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is radiation found in nature

A

Natural radiation

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2
Q

What is radiation found in the nuclear industry and products with radioactive elements

A

Human man - artificial radiation

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3
Q

What is cosmic radiation from the sun

A

Natural radiation

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4
Q

What is radioactive substances on earth EX: uranium & Radium

A

Natural radiation

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5
Q

How can you be contaminated by natural radiation

A

Inhaled, ingested & air (radon)

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6
Q

What is a dental exposure considered

A

Artificial radiation

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7
Q

How fast do X-rays travel

A

At the speed of light

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8
Q

What is a bundle of energy moving in waves in space

A

X-rays

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9
Q

What do X-rays require (4 things)

A

Tube (vacuum)
Filament (electrons)
Voltage (acceleration)
Target (anode disk to make it stop suddenly)

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10
Q

What makes electrons

A

mAs

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11
Q

What sends electrons across to the anode disk

A

kVp

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12
Q

What does ionizing mean

A

To alter tissues and organ structures (harmful)

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13
Q

What is Coherent Scattering also called

A

Thompson or Classical

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14
Q

Which interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons below 10 keV (kiloelectron volts)

A

Coherent Scattering

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15
Q

What are the two most common types of interactions with matter in radiography

A

Compton Scattering & Photoelectric Absorption (Effect)

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16
Q

Which interaction with matter causes complete energy absorption

A

Photoelectric Absorption

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17
Q

Which interaction with matter is the greatest hazard to occupational workers

A

Compton Scattering

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18
Q

Which interaction with matter is the greatest hazard to patients

A

Photoelectric Absorption

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19
Q

What is Compton Scattering also known as

A

Modified Scattering

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20
Q

Which interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons very high (above 1 million electrons volts) (MeV)

A

Pair Production

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21
Q

What interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons at a minimum of 10 MeV (high)

A

Photodisintegration

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22
Q

What is the measure of ionization in air as a result of exposure to X-rays or gamma rays

A

Roentgen

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23
Q

What is the SI Unit for Roentgen

A

Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)

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24
Q

What is the amount of energy absorbed

A

Radiation absorbed dose

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25
Q

What is the unit for Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)

A

Gray (Gy)

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26
Q

What is the unit that takes into account the dose and type of radiation received

A

Radiation equivalent Man

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27
Q

What is the SI unit for Radiation Equivilent Man (REM)

A

Sievert (Sv)

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28
Q

What is the total kinetic energy released in a unit mass of air

A

Air Kerma

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29
Q

What is Air Kerma measured as

A

Joules per kilogram (J/Kg)

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30
Q

What is the rate at which a radionuclide decays

A

Curie

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31
Q

What is curie as known as

A

The unit of Activity

32
Q

What is the SI unit for Curie

A

Becquerels (Bq)

33
Q

What takes into account the types of radiation exposure and tissue sensitivities

A

Effective Dose Limits

34
Q

What is the whole body effective dose limit for an occupational worker

A

50 mSv (5 REM)

35
Q

What is the whole body dose limits for the general population

A

5 mSv (.5 rem)

36
Q

how do you determine lifetime effective dose limits

A

10 mSv x age

37
Q

What is the annual equivalent dose limits for lens of the eyes

A

150 mSv

38
Q

What is the annual equivalent dose limits for the skin hands and feet

A

500 mSv

39
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit for embryo/fetal exposures - monthly

A

.5 mSv

40
Q

What is the annual effective dose limit for education and training exposures (us during clinicals)

A

1 mSv

41
Q

What 2 parts is the cell divided into

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

42
Q

What contains the chromosomes in a cell

A

Nucleus

43
Q

What can ionizing radiation do to a cell

A

Destroy or change it.
Can be passed to offspring

44
Q

Is DNA susceptible to radiation or not

A

Yes it is

45
Q

What cells perform all the normal body functions

A

Somatic cells

46
Q

What cells are parts of the reproductive cells

A

Germ cells

47
Q

Which cells contain 46 chromosomes

A

Somatic cells

48
Q

Which cells contain only 23 chromosomes

A

Germ cells

49
Q

Which cells divide by mitosis

A

Somatic

50
Q

Which cells reproduce through meiosis

A

Germ cells

51
Q

What cells are radiosensitive

A

Basal cells of skin
Crypt cells of small intestine
Germ cells

52
Q

Which cells are resistant to radiation

A

Nerve cells
Brain cells
Muscle cells

53
Q

What can happen to cells that are radio sensitive (response)

A

Die
Delay mitosis
Fail to divide at a normal rate
Try & repair damage

54
Q

What are the early effects of radiation exposure

A

Prodromal
Latent
Manifest

55
Q

What happens during the prodromal stage

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea

56
Q

What happens during the latent period

A

Well feeling but body is changing to go to final stage

57
Q

What happens during the manifest stage

A

Full extent of exposure
Either recovery or death

58
Q

What are the late effects of radiation exposure

A

Somatic Effects & Genetic Effects
Anything that effects you in the long term

59
Q

What is bone marrow syndrome also known as

A

Hematopoietic Syndrome

60
Q

When does bone marrow syndrome occur at

A

2 to 10 Gy (200 to 1000 Rad)

61
Q

What does bone marrow syndrome cause

A

Infection
Hemorrhage
Anemia

62
Q

When does gastrointestinal syndrome occur

A

10 to 50 Gy (1000 to 5000 Rad)

63
Q

What does gastrointestinal syndrome cause

A

Massive diarrhea
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever

64
Q

When does CNS syndrome occur

A

Above 50 Gy (5000 Rad)

65
Q

What does CNS syndrome cause

A

Seizures
Coma
Death due to intracranial pressures

66
Q

3 cardinal rules of protection

A

Time
Distance
Shielding

67
Q

What is the occupational workers best defense

A

Distance

68
Q

How thick does a lead apron have to be

A

.25 to 1 mm
Fluro - .5 mm min

69
Q

What is the primary fixture in radiation protection

A

What is struck directly by beam

70
Q

What is secondary fixtures in radiation shielding

A

Whatever is struck by scatter radiation

71
Q

What must a pregnant radiographer due

A

Report pregnancy in writing to get a second dosimeter

72
Q

What are the 3 types of dosimeters

A

Optically stimulated Luminescence (OSL)
Thermoluminescent (ours) (TLD)
Pocket (looks like a pen or flash drive)

73
Q

Which dosimeter reports daily

A

Pocket

74
Q

What detects the prescience of radiation and gives the intensity of the source

A

Geiger Muller Counter

75
Q

What is the Geiger muller counter also called

A

Pancake counter

76
Q

When is a Geiger muller counter used

A

During radioactive spills

77
Q

The use of a lead apron should be used over reproductive organs within what distance of the CR

A

4-5 cm

Patient Care (7 decks)

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