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Microbiology > Mid Term 1 Review Questions (Part 2.1) > Flashcards

Mid Term 1 Review Questions (Part 2.1) Flashcards

1
Q

light vs. electron microscopy

A

LIGHT: uses light and lenses. magnifies 1000x. cell size, shape, and MOTILITY.
ELECTRON: uses electrons, not light, 100,000x magnification. can’t see living things.

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2
Q

what does pleomorphic mean?

A

varying in shape

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3
Q

what does monomorphic mean?

A

one form or shape

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4
Q

what is a capsule?
what is it also called?
what is it made of?

A

outer layer of prokaryotic cell. glycocalyx. shell of sugars.

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5
Q

what role does a capsule play in pathogenesis?

A

waves HAEEE
helps pathogens
1. HIDE
2. ADHERE
3. ESCAPE PHAGOCYTOSIS

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6
Q

how can we identify capsulated bacteria? (2)

A

1.they form shiny slimy colonies on solid media
2. stains

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall? (2)

A
  1. provide rigidity to the cell
  2. keep it from bursting
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8
Q

describe the location of the bacterial cell wall

A

capsule surrounds cell wall surround cytoplasmic membrane

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9
Q

name two places where lysozyme can be found

A

tears, egg whites

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10
Q

what is the medical significance of the bacterial cell wall? (3)

A

SLIT

  1. target for selective toxicity (targeted by certain antibiotics)
  2. target of lysozyme
  3. recognized by the innate immune system (it’s a PAMP, MAMP)
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11
Q

what are the steps of gram staining?

A
  1. CV: both cells turn purple.
  2. Iodine: CV sticks to G+, nothing happens to G-. CV is present but can be easily washed away by…
  3. Alcohol: CV is trapped in G+, punctures outer membrane of G-, CV washes away. most important step and easiest to mess up.
  4. Safranin: stains G- pink.
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12
Q

In the name E. coli O157:H7, what does the O indicate?

A

O antigen in G- cell wall

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13
Q

In the name E. coli O157:H7, what does the H indicate?

A

presence of flagella

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14
Q

describe a G+ bacterial cell wall (4)

A
  • thick layer of peptidoglycan (PAMP)
  • teichoic acids
  • gel-like material
  • cytoplasmic membrane
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15
Q

describe a G- bacterial cell wall (5)

A
  • LPS (O antigen, lipid A) (ENDOTOXIN)
  • Outer membrane (lipid bilayer) (porins)
  • Periplasm
  • Thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • Cytoplasmic membrane
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16
Q

what two elements make up LPS

A

¡hola!
O antigen and lipid A

17
Q

LPS stands for, and is also called

A

lipopolysaccharide. endotoxin

18
Q

name an example of a bacteria that lack a cell wall

A

mycoplasma species

19
Q

what shape do mycoplasma species take?

A

pleomorphic

20
Q

what provides rigidity in mycoplasma? where are they located?

A

sterols in the cytoplasmic membrane

21
Q

what staining is used in mycobacteria? why?

A

acid fast. no cell wall!

22
Q

what are three special facts about archaeal cell walls?

A
  • variety of cell wall types
  • no peptidoglycan
  • have an S layer (some bacteria have an S layer too)
23
Q

cell membrane aka

A

cytoplasmic membrane

24
Q

cytoplasmic membrane aka

A

cell membrane

25
Q

what is the role of the cell membrane? (4)

A
  • selective permeability
  • transporters
  • carriers
  • structural and sensor proteins are embedded in the cell membrane
26
Q

what is the role of the cytoplasmic membrane? (4)

A

Carrie transports her professional perm

  • selective permeability
  • transporters
  • carriers
  • structural and sensor proteins are embedded in the cell membrane
27
Q

what two general transport systems direct movement of molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A
  1. facilitated diffusion
  2. active transport
28
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A

No energy expended, goes with the concentration gradient

29
Q

describe active transport

A

energy expended (against concentration gradient)

30
Q

list one famous example of active transport?

A

efflux pump

31
Q

what do efflux pumps do?
what type of transport system do they represent?

A

active transport, use energy, pump antibiotics out of the cell

32
Q

which secretion system have we studied so far in class?

A

type III

33
Q

Type III secretion system aka

A

injectisome

34
Q

Injectisome aka

A

Type III secretory system

35
Q

what is the role of T3SS?
in other words, what is it important for and how?

A

important for virulence by causing changes in the host cell

36
Q

what happens if alcohol is not used for long enough during a gram stain?

A

G- does not lose CV and looks purple

37
Q

what happens if alcohol is used for too long during a gram stain?

A

peptidoglycan in G+ dries out and cracks, so the G+ loses its purple color

Microbiology (45 decks)

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