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PSYC 450 > ch 1-4 mine > Flashcards

ch 1-4 mine Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacology

A

scientific study of the actions of drugs on a living organism

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2
Q

neuropharmacology

A

study of drug induced changes in NS cells

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3
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of drug induced changes in mood, behaviour, and thinking

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4
Q

drug action

A

molecular changes produced by drug at target receptor site

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5
Q

drug effect

A

physiological/ psychological alterations caused by drug action

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6
Q

therapeutic effects

A

desired changes

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7
Q

specific drug effects

A

based on physical/ biochemical interxns of drug at target site

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8
Q

non-specific drug effects

A

based on unique individual characteristics

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9
Q

placebo

A

belief in fake drug causing real improvement

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10
Q

nocebo

A

belief in fake drug causing real pain (expectation-induced anxiety)

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11
Q

pharmacokinetic

A

factors contributing to bioavailability (admin, absorption, distribution, binding, inactivation, excretion)

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12
Q

bioavailability

A

concentration of drug in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites

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13
Q

enteral

A

admin through GI tract (rectal or oral)

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14
Q

parenteral

A

admin elsewhere

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15
Q

oral admin

A
  • drug must be resistant to stomach acid
  • mostly absorbed after stomach (in small intestine)
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16
Q

absorption

A

mvmt from admin site to blood circulation

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17
Q

first-pass metabolism

A

liver metabolizes some of drug before it circulates (may reduce bioavailability)

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18
Q

rectal admin

A
  • bioavailability is difficult to predict
  • drug may avoid FPM
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19
Q

intravenous injection

A
  • most rapid and accurate
  • drug reaches brain almost instantly
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20
Q

intramuscular injection

A
  • slower than IV
  • more even absorption over time
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21
Q

intraperitoneal

A
  • used in lab animals
  • through abdominal wall into peritoneal cavity
  • rapid effects
  • variable bioavail.
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22
Q

subcutaneous

A
  • just below skin
  • slow and steady absorption
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23
Q

inhalation

A
  • rapid absorption
  • preferred when oral is too slow, and GI tract would destroy drug
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24
Q

topical

A
  • admin through a mucous membrane such as oral cavity, nasal, or vagina
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25
Q

sublingual

A
  • under the tongue
  • rapid absorption
  • avoids FPM
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26
Q

intranasal

A
  • local effects
  • avoids FPM
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27
Q

transdermal

A
  • controlled and sustained delivery
  • avoids FPM
  • limited drugs can penetrate skin
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28
Q

epidural

A

spinal anaesthetic injected right into CSF

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29
Q

gene therapy

A

application of DNA through viral vectors

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30
Q

lipid-soluble drugs

A

mvmt across phospholipid bilayer of a cell (always from high to low concentration)

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31
Q

ionized drugs

A

extent of ionization depends on
1. relative acidity/alkalinity of solution
2. intrinsic property of molecule

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32
Q

ionization of weak acids

A

ionize easily in alkaline (basic) env’t

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33
Q

ionization of weak bases

A

ionize easily in acidic env’t

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34
Q

electrical charge and lipid solubility

A

less charge = more soluble

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35
Q

distribution

A

body parts where blood flow is the greatest will have highest concentration of drug

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36
Q

how are blood capillaries helpful in distribution

A

numerous pores allow for drugs to move from blood to body tissues regardless of lipid solubility (unless bound by protein)

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37
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • CSF remains stable (unlike blood plasma)
  • many things entering organs do not diffuse into CSF/brain tissue
  • selectively permeable
  • many ionized drugs dont pass BBB
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38
Q

how are brain capillaries different from typical capillaries

A

brain capillaries have astrocytes surrounding the endothelial cell

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39
Q

astrocytes (astroglia)

A

star shaped glial cells w numerous extensions
- modulate env’t
- metabolically assist neurons
- phagocytosis for cellular debris

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40
Q

placental barrier

A
  • easily lipid soluble
  • less easily water soluble
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41
Q

acute toxicity

A

baby’s exposure to disproportionately high drug blood levels from mom

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42
Q

drug depot

A

aka silent receptors
- binding at inactive sites where no effect is inititated
- any drugs bound to depots cannot reach active sites nor can they be metabolized by liver

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43
Q

drug binding

A

is reversible (only bound until blood level drops causing gradual unbinding)

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44
Q

depot binding

A

has major effects on magnitude and duration of effects
- reduces concentration, delays effects

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45
Q

bioavailability

A

concentration of a drug present in the blood that is free to bind to target sites

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46
Q

bioactivation

A

metabolic process turning an inactive drug into an active drug

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47
Q

biotransformation

A

drug is eliminated through metabolism

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48
Q

first- order kinetics

A

exponential elimination of drugs from the bloodstream

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49
Q

steady state plasma level

A

desired blood concentration achieved when absorption/distribution = metabolism/excretion

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50
Q

how do half life and effects relate

A

quicker the half life, quicker the effects

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51
Q

zero-order kinetics

A

drug is cleared at constant rate regardless of concentration

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52
Q

role of liver in excretion

A

metabolizes drugs and chemically alters them before excretion

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53
Q

enzyme induction

A
  • increase in liver enzymes
  • speeds up biotransformation
  • increased metabolic rate for all other dugs
    (happens w repeated use)
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54
Q

enzyme inhibition

A
  • inhibit action of enzymes
  • decreases metabolism (intense, prolonged effects)
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55
Q

drug competition

A
  • inhibition caused by competition for one enzyme
  • bioavailability for one or both increases (can’t be metabolized)
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56
Q

therapeutic drug monitoring

A

blood samples taken after drug admin. to determine plasma levels of drug

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57
Q

receptors

A

large proteins located on cell surface or within cells that are responsive to biologically active agents

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58
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to a receptor w some selectivity

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59
Q

receptor agonists

A

bind to particular receptor to initiate a cellular response

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60
Q

affinity

A

ability of a molecule to bind to a receptor which then determines potency

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61
Q

efficacy

A

ability of an agonist to active its receptor

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62
Q

receptor antagonists

A
  • no cellular action
  • prevent an active ligand from binding by blocking receptor
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63
Q

partial agonists

A

drugs that bind to receptor but have low efficacy, producing weaker biological effects

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64
Q

inverse agonists

A

substances that activate the receptor but produces the opposite effect of an agonist

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65
Q

up regulation

A

receptor amount increases

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66
Q

down regulation

A

receptor amount decreases

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67
Q

dose response curves

A

describes extent of drug effect

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68
Q

potency

A

absolute amount of drug necessary to produce a specific effect

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69
Q

therapeutic index

A

TD50/ED50 margin of safety

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70
Q

competitive antagonists

A

compete w agonists to bind to receptors but fail to initiate an effect (reduces effect of agonists)

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71
Q

non-competitive antagonists

A

reduce agonist effectiveness in other way than competing for receptor

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72
Q

physiological antagonism

A

2 drugs acting in diff. ways but interxn reduces each others effectiveness

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73
Q

potentiation

A

combination of 2+ drugs producing a greater effect than sum of individual effects

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74
Q

tolerance

A

response diminishes w same dose after use

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75
Q

sensitization

A

response increases w same dose of drug

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76
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug creating tolerance for similar drugs

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77
Q

acute tolerance

A

happens after one use

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78
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

drug increases their own rate of metabolism

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79
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

most dramatic, changes in nerve cell function to compensate for drug presence (withdrawal)

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80
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

occurs in same env’t as drug admin
- classical/ operant conditiong

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81
Q

sensory neurons

A

sensitive to env’tal stimuli, signals interneurons

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82
Q

interneurons

A

within brain and spinal cord

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83
Q

motor neurons

A

direct biobehavioral responses

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84
Q

soma

A

cell body containing nucleus

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85
Q

dendrites

A

tree-like projections that receive info from other cells

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86
Q

axon

A

conducts electrical signal from cell body to terminal buttons

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87
Q

cytoplasm

A

intracellular fluid

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88
Q

convergence

A

dendrites receive and integrate info from numerous cells

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89
Q

divergence

A

dendrites transmit their info to others

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90
Q

axon collaterals

A

branches of axons

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91
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty, insulating coating made of glial cells

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92
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

breaks in myelin sheath to increase conducting of AP

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93
Q

terminal buttons

A

enlargements at the end of axon, contain synaptic vesicles of NTs

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94
Q

transcription

A

mRNA makes a copy of active gene in nucleus and transports it to ribosomes to decode it and make a protein

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95
Q

DNA methylation

A

env’tally induced epigenetic covalent attachment or methyl groups to a gene to decrease its expression

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96
Q

chromatin remodelling

A

env’tally induced epigenetic attachment of methyl, acetyl, phosphorus that either + or - gene expression

97
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

transportation of proteins along the microtubules of the cytoskeleton to designations throughout the neuron

98
Q

axoplasmic transport — retrograde

A

moves waste from terminals to soma for recycling

99
Q

axoplasmic transport — anterograde

A

moves new proteins from soma to terminals

100
Q

ligand- gated channels

A

smth binds to receptor that will recognize it and channel changes shape

101
Q

voltage- gated channels

A

opened by electrical charge to membrane surrounding the channel

102
Q

schwann cells

A
  • type of glial cell
  • makes myelin for PNS neurons
  • dedicated to a single neuron
  • can regenerate a damaged neuron
103
Q

oligodendroglia

A
  • type of glial cell
  • make myeline for CNS neurons
  • wrap “arms” around many neurons
  • cannot repair damage
104
Q

microglia

A

small scavengers that remove dying cells by phagocytosis

105
Q

name all 4 glial cells

A

schwann, oligodendroglia, microglia, astrocytes

106
Q

potassium mvmt in the cell

A

can move freely due to non-gated channels

107
Q

forces acting on potassium in the cell

A

inward elctrostatic pull, outward concentration gradient

108
Q

Na/K pump

A

3 Na in, 2 K out

109
Q

action potential

A

rapid change in membrane potential propagated down the axon (all or none)

110
Q

local potentials

A

small stimuli causing channels to open momentarily

111
Q

depolarization

A

make cell more positive (excitatory)

112
Q

hyperpolarization

A

make cell more negative (inhibitory)

113
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs

A

larger stimulus has larger effect, summation happens

114
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no chance for another AP

115
Q

relative refractory period

A

hyperpolarization, but AP is still possible, just needs extra

116
Q

somatic NS

A
  • controls voluntary muscle mvmt, spinal and cranial nerves
  • sensory and motor neurons
117
Q

sensory afferent neurons

A

signals going to spinal cord

118
Q

sensory efferent neurons

A

signals going to muscle

119
Q

autonomic NS

A
  • regulate internal env’t (BP, temp…)
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
120
Q

sympathetic NS

A
  • part of autonomic
  • dominates when energy expenditure is necessary (stress, excitement, exertion)
121
Q

sympathetic NS origin in CNS

A

lumbar and thoracic segments
- axons project short distance to reach sympathetic ganglia

122
Q

parasympathetic NS

A
  • part of autonomic
  • conserves energy
123
Q

parasympathetic NS origin in CNS

A

cranial and saccral segments
- axons travel a little longer to reach ganglia

124
Q

meninges

A
  • lie just within skull
  • dura mater (toughest, furthest)
  • arachnoid (web filled w CSF)
  • pia mater (closest to brain tissue)
125
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

cavities of CSF in the brain

126
Q

central canal

A

channel of CSF running length of spinal cord

127
Q

CSF

A

protects brain and exchanges nutrients/waste

128
Q

who makes CSF

A

choroid plexus

129
Q

embryonic dev’t of CNS

A

starts as fluid filled tube and dev’ps 3 enlargerments (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)

130
Q

axon terminology CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: axons = tracts, clusters of cell body = nuclei
PNS: axons = nerves, clusters of cell body = ganglia

131
Q

myelencephalon

A
  • part of hindbrain
  • medulla
  • regulate vital functions (respiration, heart rate, BP)
  • area postrema
  • corticospinal tract
132
Q

area postrema

A

vomiting center

133
Q

metencephalon

A
  • part of hindbrain
  • pons
  • cerebellum
134
Q

pons

A
  • arousal, sleep, attention
  • locus coerulus (distribute axons to forebrain and release norepinephrine)
  • dorsal and median raphe nuclei (send serotonin to forebrain)
135
Q

cerebellum

A
  • connects to pons
  • cerebellar peduncles (large bundle of axons connecting cerebellum to pons
  • sensorimotor control
136
Q

mesencephalon

A
  • part of midbrain
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
137
Q

tectum

A
  • superior colliculi (visual system)
  • inferior colliculi (auditory system)
138
Q

tegmentum

A
  • periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
139
Q

periaqueductal gray (PGA)

A

surrounds cerebral aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

140
Q

substantia nigra

A

cluster of cell bodies whos axons innervate striatum

141
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

region containing dopaminergic cells forming mesolimbic and mesocortical tracts

142
Q

diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypthalamus
143
Q

thalamus

A

process and distribute sensory and motor info to cerebral cortex

144
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis, limbic system, emotions, reproduction

145
Q

telencephalon

A
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
146
Q

basal ganglia

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
- help regulate motor control

147
Q

limbic system

A
  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus (LT memories)
  • amygdala (emotions)
  • nucleus accumbens (salience effects of activities)
148
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves in the brain

149
Q

sulci

A

smaller grooves in the brain

150
Q

gyri

A

bulges of tissue b/w sulci and fissures

151
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects 2 hemispheres

152
Q

frontal lobe

A

mvmt, executive planning

153
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

154
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex

155
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex

156
Q

primary cortices

A

conscious awareness of sensory experience

157
Q

secondary cortices

A

analyzes info from primary, to provide recognition/ perception of stimulus

158
Q

tertiary association

A

(memories)
comee from interface of parietal-temporal-occipital association

159
Q

anterior/ rostral

A

near front or head of animal

160
Q

brainstem

A

includes medulla, pons, midbrain

161
Q

caudal

A

towards tail

162
Q

coronal plane/ frontal

A

cut parallel to face

163
Q

dorsal

A

towards top of brain

164
Q

inferior

A

towards bottom of brain

165
Q

sagittal plane

A

cut b/w the eyes

166
Q

posterior

A

near back/rear

167
Q

promoter region

A

next to coding region of a gene that controls rate of transcription (directed by binding of transcription factors)

168
Q

reticular formation

A

network of nuclei within pons extending to midbrain and medulla

169
Q

presynaptic cell

A

sending info

170
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

receiving info

171
Q

axodendritic synapse

A
  • most common synapses in brain
  • axon from presyn. communicates w postsyn. dendrites
172
Q

pyramidal neuron

A

principal output neuron of cerebral cortex

173
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between presyn. and postsyn.

174
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

small sacs of NTs

175
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

axon communicates w cell body

176
Q

axoaxonic synapses

A

axon and axon

177
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

signaling presynaptic cell to decrease NT release by the axon terminal of postsyn. cell

178
Q

presynaptic facilitation

A

signaling presynaptic cell to increase NT release by the axon terminal of postsyn. cell

179
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

connection (synapse) b/w muscle and neuron

180
Q

criteria for being a neurotransmitter (not at must be present)

A
  • presyn. cell should contain proposed substance and a manufacturing mechanism
  • mechanism for inactivation
  • substance should be released from axon upon stimulation
  • receptors for substance should be present on postsyn. cell
  • application of substance has same effect on postsyn cell as well as stimulating presyn. cell
  • antagonist drug should inhibit both action of applied substance and stimulation of presyn.
181
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of protein

182
Q

monoamines

A

single amine group derived from amino acids

183
Q

4 classic NT categories

A

amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholines, purines (ATP, adenosine)

184
Q

3 non classical NT categories

A

neuropeptides, lipids, gases

185
Q

neuropeptides

A

peptides found in NS

186
Q

orexin

A

neuropeptide that stimulates eating and regulates sleep wake cycle

187
Q

orexin injection in brain

A
  • induce periods of wake
  • cannot pass BBB
188
Q

narcolepsy and orexin

A

narcolepsy patients have a loss of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus

189
Q

insomnia and orexin

A
  • use of orexin antagonist block OX1 and OX2 receptors to treat insomnia
190
Q

how are neuropeptides made

A

protein molecules are synthesized in the cell, and packaged up with enzymes in vesicles to break them up and free neuropeptide

191
Q

neuromodulator

A

substances that regulate NT activity (don’t act like NTs), and act at distant location

192
Q

volume transmission

A

diffusion of chemical signal through extracellular fluid to reach distant target cell

193
Q

wiring transmission

A

tight cell-to-cell synaptic transmission

194
Q

which ion is directly responsible for NT release (upon stimulation)

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

195
Q

exocytosis

A

the journey through cell membrane into synaptic cleft; fusion of vesicle membrane with axon terminal membrane (exposing inside of vesicle)

196
Q

active zones

A

release sites of exocytosis

197
Q

vesicle recycling

A

removal of synaptic vesicle membrane components from terminal membrane after exocytosis

198
Q

clathrin mediated endocytosis

A

clathrin protein forms a coating on the membrane to perform endocytosis
- slow process occuring in an area away from release site

199
Q

ultrafast endocytosis

A

rapid vesicle retrieval in an area close to the release site through endosomes, and bud-off using clathrin dependent

200
Q

kiss and run endocytosis

A

clathrin and endosomes not needed

201
Q

bulk endocytosis

A
  • used to retrieve large amount of vesicle membrane
  • mix of clathrin and endosome properties
  • away from release site
202
Q

lipid and gaseous transmitters (vesicles)

A

cannot be held in a vesicle, they diffuse in and out of the cell as needed

203
Q

lipid and gaseous transmitters release

A

released by postsyn. cell not presyn. cell (retrograde messengers)

204
Q

regulation of NT release

A
  1. rate of neuron firing (more firing= more NTs)
  2. probability of transmitter release
  3. presence of autoreceptors (receptor for. same transmitter released from that neuron)
205
Q

terminal autoreceptor

A
  • located on axon terminals
  • upon activation, the inhibit further transmitter release
206
Q

somatodendritic autoreceptor

A

slow rate of cell firing (less transmitter release)

207
Q

heteroreceptor

A

either enhance or reduce amount of transmitter being released

208
Q

NT inactivation

A

enzymatic breakdown, reuptake

209
Q

ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated)

A
  • rapid
  • made up of 4/5 subunits
  • does not involve second messenger
  • intrinsic ion channel
210
Q

metabolic receptors (G protein coupled receptor)

A
  • slow
  • involves second messengers
  • single subunit
211
Q

explain steps of metabolic receptors

A
  1. activate G protein
    2a. either inhibit or open channel
    2b. either stimulate or inhibit enzymes in cell membrane (effector enzymes)
  2. increased synthesis or breakdown of 2nd messenger
  3. changes in postsyn. cell
212
Q

allosteric sites

A

binding site on receptor that modulates (allosteric modulators) receptor response to an agonist

213
Q

how do second messengers work

A
  • activate protein kinases (enzymes) that phosphorylate another molecule altering its function
214
Q

second messenger systems and protein kinase pairs

A
  • cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) + protein kinase A
  • cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) + protein kinase G
  • phosphoinositide + protein kinase C
  • calcium (Ca2+) + calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)
215
Q

cAMP and cGMP inactivation

A

inactivated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs)

216
Q

tyrosine kinase receptors

A

mediate the action of neurotrophic factors (proteins that stimulate survival and growth of neurons during dev’t)
- long term gene expression and neuronal function, not rapid synaptic events

217
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

synaptic changes

218
Q

how are hormones excreted

A

endocrine glands

219
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • lie over the kidneys
  • 2 parts; adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
220
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • derived from NS tissue
  • receives input from preganglionic fibers of symp. NS
  • made of chromaffin cells which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
221
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • ## secretes glucocorticoids (steroids)
222
Q

ovaries

A

secrete estrogen and progesterone

223
Q

testes

A

secrete androgens (testosterone)

224
Q

pancreas

A
  • islets of langerhans
  • secrete insulin and glucagon
225
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine
226
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

227
Q

pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary:
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- growth hormone (GH)
- prolactin (PRL)
pituitary stalk:
- hypothalamic releasing hormone (HRH)
- thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

228
Q

correlation

A

does not involve cause

229
Q

face validity

A

relationship b/w animal testing and correlation to humans

230
Q

predictive validity

A

test closely or have parallel results

231
Q

construct validity

A

measurement tool actually measures the characteristic being investigated

232
Q

reliability

A

consistent scores

233
Q

stereotaxic surgery

A

stabilizes head so surgeons can get ultimate precision

234
Q

lesioning

A

inserting an electrode and passing a current through, killing all tissue at the end of the probe (or can insert a neurotoxin)

235
Q

microdialysis

A

measures NTs released in specific brain region

236
Q

intracellular recording

A

stereotaxically implanting a fine-tipped electrode into a single cell

237
Q

extracellular recording

A

stereotaxically implanting a fine-tipped electrode into the fluid around a single cell

238
Q

radioligand binding

A

measure affinity and relative density in a particular brain area

239
Q

autoradiography

A

detects amount and location of bound radioligand by using specialize film

PSYC 450 (4 decks)

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