Chapter 5 - Experimental Designs

Question 1

If the teacher introduced Old West material to Bernie in his history and literature classes at the same time and compared his performance using the regular material, the teacher would be using which single-subject design? A(n) __________ design.

Answer 1

comparison

Question 2

Observing Jane’s grades on math homework, before during, and after she has had a tutor is a strong research design because it can rule out __________ explanations of any improvements in her grades during the times she had a tutor.

Answer 2

alternative

Question 3

The multiple-baseline design gets its name from the fact that the researcher finds baselines for [a] (how many) or more behaviors. However, be sure to remember that the definition also requires that the treatment be introduced for each baseline at [b] times.

Answer 3

2; different

Question 4

The record of a behavior prior to some attempt to change it is called a(n) __________.

Answer 4

baseline

Question 5

Suppose that three people have been annoying you. If this week you ask the first one to stop annoying you, next week the second one, and a week later the third one, you would be using a(n) __________ design.

Answer 5

multiple baseline

Question 6

Palmer and associates (1977) measured electrical usage for a time period when not giving them cost information, for a period of time while giving it, and for a period of time after no longer giving them the information. They used what single-subject experimental design? __________ design

Answer 6

reversal

Question 7

Frank had a behavioral definition for acting sexy. He observed that Bud didn’t come close to meeting the definition. He asked five of his girlfriends to rate Bud’s sexiness. They rated him low! When Bud complained that he couldn’t get any dates, Frank told him how to act. Frank observed that Bud was doing what he suggested. Frank again asked five of his girlfriends to rate the sexiness of new Bud. They rated him high! Frank was trying to establish the __________ of his behavioral definition for acting sexy.

Answer 7

social validity

Question 8

Marie’s dorm observed the amount of cleaning that she did for a period of time. They then assigned a specific job to her for another period of time. Finally, they relieved her of that job for a time. They used what single-subject design to study the effect of giving her a specific job? A(n) __________ design

Answer 8

reversal

Question 9

The problem with asking people to tell us about their own behavior is that their reports are often __________ or of unknown accuracy.

Answer 9

inaccurate

Question 10

In a simple comparison design, we compare the rate of a behavior during two periods of time called the [a] and the [b] conditions.

Answer 10

baseline; treatment

Question 11

Name the conditions in a reversal design *short answer question

Answer 11

baseline, treatment, reversal

Question 12

If two students measure the amount of times that another student, Nate, dominates the discussion before trying to get him to change, their agreement is a measure of the __________ of these data.

Answer 12

reliability

Question 13

Comparing a baseline condition with the treatment condition is called a(n) __________ design.

Answer 13

comparison

Question 14

Dave observed the cleaning behavior of his children. If he started giving cookies for a clean room to one of them after one week, to the second one after two weeks, and to the third one after weeks, he would be using what single-subject design? __________ design

Answer 14

multiple baseline

Question 15

Professor Brainbuster based his lectures on the test “Moldy History” for five weeks and found most students sleeping. He then based his lectures on the new text “Hip History” and found that most students stayed awake. he used a(n) ___________ design.

Answer 15

comparison

Question 16

Steve and Cleo, who performing in a play, agreed to determine whether their friend was reciting his lines loud enough to be heard in the last row. Since they were also reading their own scripts, they agreed to listen to his loudness at random times throughout his recitation. They were using what method of observation? __________ recording

Answer 16

time-sample

Question 17

To Cornucopia Food Co-op assigned a clerk to count the number of customers prior to their advertising campaign. They are gathering data during the __________ condition.

Answer 17

baseline

Question 18

The strength of a reversal design is that it can rule out __________ explanations of an observed behavior change.

Answer 18

alternative

Question 19

The process of exposing the same person to both the baseline and the treatment is the principle __________ experiments.

Answer 19

single subject

Question 20

If you observe the cuddling of 2-year-old Jose before having a half-hour reading time each day, while having the reading time, and after stopping the reading time. You are using a(n) __________ design.

Answer 20

reversal

Question 21

You are disappointed with how much studying Cal does. So you start giving him pop quizzes most days. The name for giving him pop quizzes to increase studying is __________.

Answer 21

treatment

Question 22

Define baseline and treatment conditions Baseline is the condition without treatment. Treatment is the condition with a method to modify the rate of a behavior.
If parents transfer their two children from a public school to a private school in order to see whether the children will be more willing to go to school, the parents would be using a(n) __________ design.

Answer 22

comparison

Question 23

Observing whether math tutoring improves Tom’s test scores tells you his behavior rate during the __________ condition.

Answer 23

treatment

Question 24

The name of the design in which you measure the behavior for three periods of time, one before, one during, and one after the treatment is what single-subject design? __________ design

Answer 24

reversal

Question 25

Komaki and Barnett (1977) provided feedback for football play performance after 10 sessions for the option play, after 14 sessions for the power sweep, and after 18 sessions for the counter. What experimental design did they use? __________ design

Answer 25

multiple baseline

Question 26

Observing how well a student does in math before he or she starts receiving help from a tutor would be called determining the student’s rate of behavior during what condition? __________

Answer 26

baseline

Question 27

Steve recorded during consecutive 15-second intervals whether his friend was reciting his lines loud enough during play practice to be heard in the last row. What method of observation did Steve use? __________ recording

Answer 27

interval

Question 28

If a teacher makes class attendance optional for one student and then a week later makes it optional for a second student (to see whether it affects their participation), the teacher wold be using a(n) __________ design.

Answer 28

multiple baseline

Question 29

The libertarian society observed that Greg, and other members like him, came to their weekly meeting about 15% of the time. They then started scheduling short documentary films at each meeting and found that Greg came about 65% of the time. They later stopped the films and attendance fell back to under 20% for Greg. What single-subject design did they use to study the effects of the films? __________ design

Answer 29

reversal

Question 30

To use the behavioral strategy: (1) Create a behavioral definition, (2) use a method of direct observation, (3) check the reliability and social validity of your observations, and (4) design a(n) __________ experiment.

Answer 30

single subject

Question 31

Explain why the reversal design and the multiple-baseline design are strong designs *short answer

Answer 31

They rule out alternative explanations. (Or they rule out time coincidences and individual and differences)