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Medicine > Neuroanatomy synopsis > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy synopsis Flashcards

1
Q

what separates lobes

A

grooves:
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus

sulci separate gyri

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2
Q

how many lobes do we have

A

5 or 6

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula- hidden between banks of lateral sulcus
(limbic) sandwiched between two functional areas

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3
Q

what kind of movement is found in the frontal lobe
discuss dominant hemispheres

A

VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT
-primary motor cortex
-premotor cortex
LANGUAGE PRODUCTION
-Broca’s area, frontal operculum of dominant hemisphere (85% dominant in left, therefore frontal operculum involved in language production in 85%)
HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
-impulse control, decision-making, problem solving, social interaction, attention
-prefrontal cortex area

dominant hemisphere–>
certain functions located to one side of the brain, eg. language and mathematical abilities

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4
Q

discuss parietal lobe function

A

INTEGRATION OF SOMATOSENSORY INFO
-primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (except smell)
MOVEMENT
-primary somatosensory cortex (some neurons involved in initiating movement)
LANGUAGE
-wernicke’s area partially in the dominant hemisphere –> reading

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5
Q

discuss the temporal lobe function

A

CONSCIOUS MEMORY –REVISING :(
-medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and neighbouring cortices)
AUDITORY PROCESSING
-auditory cortices
COMPREHENSION OF SPEECH
-anterior part of wernicke’s area
OLFACTION
-medial temporal lobe
-primary olfactory cortex

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6
Q

what is the uncus and clinical significance

A

innermost part of temporal lobe (hook)
uncal herniation if increased intracranial pressure
thorugh foraman magnum

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7
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

VISUAL PERCEPTION AND PROCESSING
MEMORY

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8
Q

what is the function of insula

A

OLFACTION
TASTE
DISCRIMINATIVE TOUCH

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9
Q

what is the function of the limbic lobe and what does limbic mean

A

BEHAVIOURAL AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
LEARNING AND MEMORY (part is in the temporal lobe and has connections with medial temporal lobe structures)

eg. smelling curry and remembering good experiences
limbic means border- so limbic lobe frames corpus callosum and diencephalon

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10
Q

what forms the diencephalon

A

5 parts
thalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
metathalamus
hypothalamus

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11
Q

what is the thalamus involved in

A

relay station for ALL SENSORY IMPULSES except smell before cortex
inputs from subcortical motor nuclei and cerebellum before cerebral motor cortex

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12
Q

what are the 6 major functions of the hypothalamus

A

autonomic control
endocrine control (with pituitary gland)
regulation of thirst (fluid and electrolyte balance)
eating (energy balance)
sexual behaviour, reproduction
body temp

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13
Q

what is the hypophysis

A

an endocrine gland- pituitary gland
found in pituitary fossa
superior aspect of sphenoid sinus

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14
Q

how does pituitary gland develop

A

pouches form from roof f the mouth and floor of diencephalon
these pouches join
loses connection with roof of mouth
attached to diencephalon via a stalk

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15
Q

where do __ develop from
neurohypophysis

adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

A

neuro develops from diencephalon
adeno develops from roof of mouth

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16
Q

what is neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of pituitary gland
pituitary stalk
median eminence

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17
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

just anterior lobe

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18
Q

what does neurohypophysis do

A

secretes two hormones that is produced in hypothalamus and travels down paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei

oxyctosis
ADH

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19
Q

what does the adenohypophysis do

A

produces and secretes hormones into the hypophysial portal system

20
Q

what are the parts of the midbrain
(mickey mouse shape)

A

Substantia nigra (eyebrows- black)
Crus cerebri (ears- leg of brain)
2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi (whiskers-bumps on posterior of midbrain) VISUAL AND AUDITORY REFLEXES
Tegmentum (superior)
Tectum (inferior)
Red nuclues (eye)

21
Q

what are the superior and inferior colliculi involved in

A

auditory and visual reflex

22
Q

what is the function of red nucleus

A

subcortical motor centre

23
Q

what happens if there is brainstem damage above red nucleus

A

decorticate rigidity

in response to sharp pain
arms flex
legs extend

abnormal posturing ,
stiff
bent arms
legs straight

24
Q

what is substantia nigra involved in
and what condition is it damaged in

A

reward seeking, motor learning
parkinsons

25
Q

what does pons mean

A

bridge

connect forebrain and cerebellum

26
Q

what is the function of pons

A

conduction area (bridge)
there are many nuclei that contribute to regulation of respiration, hearing and balance

27
Q

what are the centres of respiration found in pons

A

pneumotaxic area- sends inhib signals to respiratory centres
apneustic area-stimulates inspiratory neurons of dorsal resp and ventral resp group therefore promotes inspiration
therefore regulate respiration

28
Q

what is the function of medulla

A

vital centres that regulate resp rhythm, heart rate, bp
non-vital centres that regulate cough, sneeze, swallowing, vomiting

also where corticospinal tract crosses (90% cross in pyramidal decussaion)

29
Q

what is the area postrema

A

found in medulla
lower part of 4th ventricle
chemoreceptor triggers this area- detects emetic toxins in blood and csf and induces vomiting (if not working die if poison)

30
Q

describe the respiratory centres

A

found in medulla and pons
in medulla we have dorsal and ventral respiratory group, works with pneumotaxic and apneustic area.
DRG initiates inspiration and establishes rhythm of normal
neurons in DRG stimulate nerves to diaphragm and external intercostals
if DRG suppressed breathing stops
VRG for expiration

31
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

motor and sensory nuclei of cranial nerves
neurons form a polysynaptic network around these in the brainstem, collectively called reticular (network) formation
continues rostrally into the thalamus and hypothalamus, caudally into the spinal cord

receive input and project to all parts of cns
divided into 3 longitudinal zones (5 columns)

32
Q

what is the median reticular formation (raphe nuclei) involved in

A

sleep
pain

33
Q

what is the paramedian reticular formation involved in (gigantocellular reticular nuclei)

A

sensory pathways
muscle tone

34
Q

what is the lateral reticular formation (parvocellular reticular nuclei) involved in

A

ALL sensory pathways
crainial nerve reflexes and visceral functions

35
Q

is reticular formation involved in state of consciousness, explain
what is its function

A

yes

related to cns so wide functions

sleep and wakefulness (if disturbed = coma)
pattern generation
-cv control
-respiratory control
pattern generation (non-essential)
-conjugate eye movement
-gait
swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
control of micturition
nociception and pain modulation

36
Q

is ascending or descending reticular formation sensory of motor

A

ascending is sensory
descending is motor

37
Q

what does the ascending reticular formation contain and therefore do

A

contains reticular activating system RAS
this awakens cerebra cortex from sleep
maintains consciousness/attention
filters incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli (eg. in coffee shop and studying)
pain modulators

38
Q

what does the descending reticular formation

A

helps maintain muscle tone- balance and tone

39
Q

what is the cerebellum and its function

A

2 hemispheres in cerebellar fossa
connected to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles
process and interprets impulses from motor cortex and sensory pathways
coordinates motor activity for smooth, well-timed movements
important for balance

40
Q

what is the difference between coma and vegetative stae

A

coma- eyes closed and no response
veg state- may respond vaguely to painful stimulus, eyes open, cant communicate

41
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

nuerons, axons carry info towards the cns

42
Q

what efferent neurons and the two different kinds

A

neuron, axon carries impulses towards the end organ

UMN- cell body in CEREBRAL CORTEX
LMN- cell body in VENTRAL HORN of SPINAL CORD/ BRAINSTEM

43
Q

what are the 7 functional classifications of neurons

A

medial to lateral
1. general somatic efferent STRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
2. special visceral efferent MUSCLES FROM PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
3. general visceral efferent SMOOTH MUSCLES, GLANDS

  1. general visceral afferent ORGANS like discomfort after eating, appendicitis
  2. special visceral afferent OLFACTION, TASTE
  3. general somatic afferent PERCEPTION OF PAIN, TOUCH, TEMPERATURE
  4. special somatic afferent VISION, HEARING, BALANCE

SOMATIC- body, skin, muscles, bones, soft tissue
VISCERAL- internal organs blood vessels
visceral is always divided into genal and special

44
Q

what is the organisation of neurons in the spinal cord to brainstem

A

somatic neurons are located at tip of ventral and dorsal horns
visceral found next to that

spinal cord grey matter is H shape and more vertical, this begins to open up dorsally
in brainstem, the grey matter becomes more horizontal- NUCLEI ORDER REMAINS THE SAME

45
Q

what forms white matter tracts and how do we see the course of these

A

axons of neurons form white matter tracts
diffusion tensor imaging

46
Q

what are the directions of white matter tracts and give examples

A

up/down- projection fibres INTERNAL CAPSULE
front/back - association fibres SUPERIOIR LONGITDINAL FASCICULUS
left/right- commissural fibres CORPUS CALLOSUM, POSTERIOR COMMISSURE

47
Q

When is babinski sign normal

A

until 6 months old

Medicine (54 decks)

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