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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous

A

Related to skin

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2
Q

What are the functions of integumentary system

A

Protection, sensation, thermal regulation, production of Vit D and excretion

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3
Q

Protection

A

Skin acts as a physical barrier and protects inner body structures from external chemicals and pathogens and prevents dehydration

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4
Q

Sensation

A

Skin is innervated- nerve fibers in skin transmit information about temperature, touch, pressure, pain

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5
Q

Thermal regulation

A

Blood vessels in skin and sweat glands regulated heat loss from the body

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6
Q

Production of vitamin D

A

UV light activates a precursor compound in skin to make vitamin D

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7
Q

Excretion

A

Sweat glands secrete water, electrolytes, and small amounts of Urea
Can also help with thermoregulation

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8
Q

What are the three main layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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9
Q

Epidermis sublayers

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosun
Stratum basale

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10
Q

Epidermis features

A

Stratifed squamous epithelium
Varies in thickness
Avascular
Innervated for tactile sensation
Constantly renewing itself

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11
Q

What cells in sub layer are constantly regenerating and being pushed towards apical layer

A

Basale

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12
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Most superficial layer of epidermis that continuously get shed

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13
Q

Desquamation

A

Constant shedding of flaking apical layers as deeper basale cells regenerate
Made up of dehydrated dead keratinocytes

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14
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Main skin cells in epidermis

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15
Q

Keratin

A

Protein produced by keratinocytes
Provide strength and prevent dehydration
Found in human hair and nails

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16
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Made up of dead keratinocytes and keratin
Optional layer: found only in thick skin on palms and soles

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17
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Made up of dying keratinocytes, keratin and keratohyalin
As keratinocytes migrate away from blood capillaries cells begin to die in this layer

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18
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Intracellular protein that promotes dehydration of the dying keratinocytes
Gives the cells in stratum granulosum a grainy appearance

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19
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Made up of living keratinocytes actively making keratin
Appearance is due to spikey bundle of prekeratin protein

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20
Q

Stratum basale

A

Made up of single row of mitoticly active stem cells, tactile epithelial cells and melanocytes

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21
Q

Stem cells

A

Specialize precursor cells that can divide continuously into new cells
Can differentiate into keratinocytes, tactile epithelial cells and melanocytes

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22
Q

Tactile epithelial cells

A

Merkel cells
Acts as touch receptors

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23
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment

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24
Q

Melanin

A

Black or brown skin pigment
Protect skin against UV radiation which damages DNA

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25
Q

How is skin tone determined

A

By the amount of melanin produced not the number of melanocytes

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26
Q

Dermis

A

Layer of skin between epidermis and hypodermis
Connective tissue proper
Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands

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27
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

When dermis is exposed to cold, blood vessels in skin constrict to conserve blood

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28
Q

Vasodilation

A

When dermis is exposed to hear, blood vessels dilate to help release heat

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29
Q

Dermis sublayers

A

Papillary dermis and reticular dermis

30
Q

Dermal papillary dermis

A

Finger like projection of dermis into epidermis

31
Q

Functions of dermal papillae

A

Increase surface area for diffusion if gases and nutrients from dermis to avascular epidermis
Interlock epidermis to dermis
Papillae form ridges in thick skin

32
Q

What is responsible for finger prints that increases tactile sensation and grip

A

Dermal papillae

33
Q

Where is reticular dermis found and tissue type

A

Deep to papillary dermis and dense irregular tissue containing thick bundle of collagen and elastic fibers

34
Q

What tissue type is papillary dermis

A

Areolar connective tissue

35
Q

Flexure lines

A

Decreases from repeated folding
Creases in palm

36
Q

Striae

A

Stretch marks
Torn collagen and elastic fibers from extreme skin stretching

37
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia
Deepest layer of skin
Contains blood vessels and nerves
Helps insulate and for energy storage

38
Q

What tissue type is hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

39
Q

What causes Burns

A

By heat friction radiation electroshock and strong acids or bases

40
Q

First degree burn

A

Upper levels of epidermis
Results in redness and pain
Sunburn

41
Q

Second degree burn

A

Effect epidermis and dermis
Results in blistering pain and swelling
Scars may form

42
Q

Third degree burn

A

Effects epidermis dermis and hypodermis
Results in severe swelling and requires surgical intervention

43
Q

What is Hair

A

Tubes of keratin produced by hair follicle

44
Q

Where is hair found

A

Everywhere on skin expect palms soles and lips

45
Q

What is the function of hair

A

Sensation and some thermoregulation

46
Q

What are the components of hair

A

Shaft, root, hair follicle, melanocytes, sebaceous glands, erector pili

47
Q

Shaft

A

Hair extends beyond skin

48
Q

Root

A

Hair embedded within dermis and epidermis 

49
Q

Hair follicle

A

Specialize epithelium that surrounds deepest part of root
Function is hair synthesis
Innervated and can sense movement

50
Q

Melanocytes

A

In hair follicles produces melanin for hair color
Different forms in amounts of melanin produce different hair colors

51
Q

What results in white hairs

A

Decreasing melanin and presence of air bubbles and shafts

52
Q

Erector pili

A

Smooth muscles that attached epidermis to hair follicles in dermis
Contraction of erector pili causes hair to stand perpendicular to skin
Goosebumps

53
Q

Nails definition and location

A

Hard plates of keratin on distal tips of digits and dorsal fingers and toes

54
Q

Function for nails

A

Protection and manual dexterity ( skill or ability)

55
Q

Components of a nail

A

Nail plate, nail bed, nail root, lunule or lunula and eponychicum

56
Q

Nail plate

A

Outter portion of nail
Made up of solid plate of keratin

57
Q

Nail bed

A

Dermis deep to nail plate
Underlying blood vessels in the dermis gives nails are characteristic pink color

58
Q

Nail root

A

Proximal nail plate that provides keratin

59
Q

Lunule or lunula

A

white Crescent distal to nail root

60
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle
Portion of epidermidis that overlaps lunula

61
Q

Sebaceous glands location

A

Everywhere on skin except palms and soles
Most prominent on face and scalp
Closely associated with hair follicle

62
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands

A

To produce sebum which is the skin oil and helps moisturize skin and hair

63
Q

What is acne

A

Bacterial infection of clogged sebaceous glands
Strongly influenced by sex hormones


64
Q

What does old age cause sebaceous glands to do

A

Under produce which causes dry skin and contributes to wrinkles

65
Q

Who has Sweat glands

A

Only mammals (sudoriferous glands)

66
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

67
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

All over body but most prominent on scalp palms and soles
produces perspiration

68
Q

Perspiration

A

Odorless watery fluid produced as a response to stress or increase body temperature
Contains water, electrolytes, and small amounts of urea

69
Q

What is urea

A

Nitrogenous waste product

70
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Process of sweating
aids to thermal regulation
As sweat evaporates from skin it carries heat to cool off the body

71
Q

Apocrine Sweat glands

A

All over body except lips most prominent in axillary and ingunial regions

72
Q

What are the functions of apocrine sweat glands

A

Produces oily form of sweat
odor is produced by bacteria and skin that feeds on oils

Anatomy (19 decks)

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