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Histology > Ch. 11 Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q
  • efferent of motor nerves

- afferent or sensory

A
  • away from CNS to salivary glands, ms, etc

- to CNS (receive from nose, eyes)

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2
Q
  • somatic nervous sys

- autonomic nervous sys

A
  • provides sensory and motor innerve to all parts except viscera, smooth ms, glands
  • provides efferent invol motor innerv to smooth ms, heart, and glands. also provides afferent sensory innerv fr viscera (pain and autonomic reflex)
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3
Q

Supporting cells

A
  • in cns: neuroglia

- in pns: schwann cells and satellite cells

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4
Q
  • sensory neurons
    1. somatic afferent fibers
    2. visceral afferent fibers
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
A
  1. convey pain, temp, touch, and pressure from body surface
  2. transmit impulses of pain and other sensations from mucous membranes, glands and blood vessels
  • convey impulse from cns to effector cells
  • form communicating and integrating network bet sensory and motor neurons
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5
Q
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
A
  • one axon and 2 or more dendrites (motor neurons/ interneurons)
  • one axon and one dendrite (retina of eye)
  • have one process, the axon (sensory neurons)
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6
Q

Cell body or perikaryon

A
  • like a protein-producing cell
  • have much rER as a NISSL body stacks and free ribosomes
  • also has mitochondria, Golgi, lysosomes, microtubules, neurofilaments, transport vesicles, inclusions
  • neurons do not dived, but subcellular components turn over regularly
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7
Q
  1. axodendritic
  2. axosomatic
  3. axoaxonic
A
  1. axons and dentrites
  2. axons and cell body
  3. axons and axons

*Boutons en passant, an axon makes several button-like contacts w/ the receptor portion of the neuron

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8
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  1. presynaptic membrane depolarization induces…
  2. brief opening of calcium channels
  3. calcium influx promotes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles with…
  4. release of neurotransmitter
  5. neurotransmitter reacts w/ receptors and…
    - causing Na channels to open in that membrane, allowing Na to enter the neuron, causing others to open, generating a nerve impulse.
  6. promotes postsynaptic membrane depolarization
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9
Q

-excitatory synapse

A
  • release of acetylcholine, glutamine and serotonin. opening Cation channels for Na influx leading to action potention and generate impulse.
  • release of GABA or glycine, opening anion channels for CL influx. causing action potential to become more difficult.
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10
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A
  • serves neurotransmitter bet axons and effectors or striated muscle in the ANS
  • are called Cholinergic neurons or receptors
  • 2 classes:
    1. muscarinic Ach receptor
    2. Nicotinic Ach Receptor
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11
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (EPI), Dopamine (DA)
  • Adrenergic neurons
  • EPI secreted by CNS and adrenal medulla during Fight-or-flight
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12
Q

Serotonin, GABA, Glutamate, Aspartate and Glycine

A

-other neurotransmitters

  • High-affinity reuptake: removal of neurotransmitter following its release into the synaptic cleft
  • needed to limit the duration of stimulation or inhibition of postsyn membrane
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13
Q

-myelin sheath

A
  • is a thin layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm called the sheath of Schwann or neurilemma
  • contains the nucleus and most of organelles of Schwann cells
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14
Q

internodal segment

A

-the myelin between 2 sequential nodes of Ranvier

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15
Q

satellite cell

A
  • analogous to schwann but doesn’t make myelin
  • small cuboidal cells that surrounds the neuronal cell body of ganglia
  • help est and maintain a controlled micro-environment around the neuronal body in the ganglion
  • electrical insulation
  • pathway for metabolic exchange
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16
Q

Neuroglia:

  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
A
  1. small cells forming and maintaining myelin in the CNS. aligned in rows between axons, fewer processes
  2. provide physical and metabolic support for the neurons of the CNS
    - protoplasmic: gray
    - fibrous: white
  3. inconspicuous cells w/ small, dark, elongated nuclei that possess phagocytotic properties
  4. column-shaped cells line brain ventricles and canal of spinal cord, containing cilia and microvilli to absorb cerebrospinal fluid.
    - the modified ependymal cells and associated capillaries are called choroid plexus.
17
Q

Saltatory or Discontinuous Conduction

A
  • nerve impulse jumping from node to node

- conduction is faster on axons of greater diameter and myelinated

18
Q

origin of nerve tiss

  • CNS
  • PNS
A
  • from neuroectodermal cells of neural tube

- from neural crest

19
Q

Connective tiss components of peripheral nerve

  1. endoneurium
  2. perineurium
  3. epineurium
A
  1. loose conn tiss surrounding each individ nerve fiber
  2. specialized conn tiss surrounding each nerve fascicle
  3. dense, irregular conn tiss that surrounds a peripheral nerve and fills the spaces between nerve fascicles.
20
Q

31 segments of spinal nerves

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
21
Q
  1. white matter

2. gray matter

A
  1. peripheral substance contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons
  2. surrounding central canal. containing neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. synapses only occur here.

*cell bodies of efferent neurons are on ventral horn of gray matter

22
Q

Classification of receptors

  1. extereceptors
  2. enteroreceptors
  3. propioceptors
A
  1. from external environ (temp, touch, smell, sound or vision)
  2. from within the body (degree of filing of stretch of bladder)
  3. from within the body, providing sensation of body position and muscle tone and movement
23
Q

Classifications of autonomic nervous system

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric division

1 and 2 supply the same organs but are antagonistic

24
Q

Organization of CNS

  • gray matter
  • white matter
A
  1. is the site of synapses, forming an outer covering or cortex. nuclei seen in the deep portions of cerebrum and cerebellum.
  2. many of the axons going to, or coming from a specific location are grouped into bundles called TRACTS
25
Q
  • Neuropil
  • Brain stem
  • Nuclei
A
  • the meshwork of axonal, dendritic and glial processes associated with the gray matter
  • is not clearly separated into regions of gray and white matter
  • appear as islands surrounded by more or less distinct tracts of white matter
26
Q

conn tiss of CNS

A
  1. dura mater-outermost, thick sheet of dense conn tiss., continuous w/ periosteum of skull.
  2. arachnoid-delicate sheet
    - contains trabeculae of loose conn. tiss fibers containing elongated fibroblast
  3. pia mater-delicate. rests on brain surface and spinal cord, continuous w/ perivascular conn tiss sheath of blood vessels of brain and spinal cord

*all covered by thin, squamous epithelial layer

27
Q

Wallerian/Antegrade degeneration

A
  • degeneration of axon distal to a site of injury
  • in PNS, in a few days
  • in CNS, several weeks
28
Q

Chromatolysis

A
  • loss of Nissl substance from the cell body

- the changes in cell body are proportional to the amt of axoplasm lost by the injury

29
Q
  • scar formation

- regeneration

A
  • in PNS, connective tiss and Schwann cells form scar tiss and the gap bet the ends of a severed or crushed nerve
  • Schwann cells divide and develop cellular bands that bridge a newly formed scar. the bridges serve as guides for regenerating axons to grow across the scar
    • if the axonal sprouts do not rest contact w/ the bridge of Schwann cells, the sprouts grow in a disorganized manner, and the muscle remains atrophic

Histology (11 decks)

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